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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the components of a uriniferous tubule?
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nephron
collecting tubule |
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what are the components of a nephron?
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renal corpuscle
proximal and distal convoluted tubules |
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what are the two types of nephrons?
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cortical (85%)
juxtamedullary (15%) |
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where would you find a glomerulus, bowmans capsule, and intraglomerular mesangial cells?
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renal corpuscle
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what are glomeruli?
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tufts of capillaries within a bowmans capsule
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what type of capillary are glomeruli?
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fenistrated
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what is just inside the basal lamina of a bowmans capsule?
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the parietal layer
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what type of cell covers the glomeruli of the renal corpuscle?
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podocytes
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what is between the parietal layer of bowmans capsule and the glomeruli?
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bowmans space
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what type of cells are podocytes?
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modified epithelial cells
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what are the two poles of a renal corpuscle and what are they attached to?
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vascular pole - efferent and afferent arterioles
urinary pole - proximal convoluted tubule |
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what are the extensions of podocytes called?
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primary and secondary processes
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what are the spaces between secondary processes of podocytes called?
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filtration slits
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what is in the center of a filtration slit?
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a filtration slit diaphragm
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what lies between podocytes and glomerular capillaries?
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a basal lamina
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do the fenestrations of glomeruli have diaphragms?
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no
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what is the basal lamina of glomeruli and podocytes composed of?
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laminin, type IV collagen, fibronectin, GAG
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what might you stain a GBM or glomerular basal lamina with?
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PAS
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what is the filtration slit diaphragm composed of?
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glycoproteins
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what is the function of intraglomerular mesangial cells?
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phagocytose large macromolecules trapped in the basil lamina
provide CT structural support for glomerulus secrete interleukin 1 and platelet derived growth factor in response to injury |
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what is a part of the tubule system of the nephron and what is NOT a part of the system?
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the proximal convoluted tubule
descending and ascending thin loops of henle the distal convoluted tubule NOT= collecting duct and tubule |
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what is different between the simple cuboidal epithelium of the proximal tubule and the distal tubule?
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proximal = long microvilli (brush border)
distal = very few, short microvilli (no brush border) |
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what is unique about the mitochondria of the two convoluted tubules?
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they orient themselves vertically within the cell and are more basally located
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which tubule has the greatest diameter?
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the proximal convoluted tubule (60 um)
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what makes up 2/3 of the proximal tubules length? 1/3?
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2/3 = pars convoluta
1/3 = pars recta |
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what type of epithelium is in the thin loop of henle?
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simple squamous
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what is the distribution of pars recta and pars convoluta in the distal tubule?
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pars recta - 2/3
pars convoluta - 1/3 |
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how much smaller are distal tubules than proixmal tubules?
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they are half the size (~30 um)
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where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located and what is it a part of?
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located between the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles.
it is part of the distal convoluted tubule |
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where do you find macula densa cells and what do they look like?
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in the distal convoluted tubule, in contact with the juxtaglomerular cells of the glomerular arterioles
they are tall, narrow cuboidal cells |
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what type of cell is a juxtaglomerular cell?
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a modified smooth muscle cell
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what do juxtaglomerular cells contain in their granules?
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the protease enzyme renin
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what do extraglomerular mesangial cells look like?
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capillary pericytes
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what type of epithelium is present in the collecting tubule?
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simple squamous to cuboidal proximally and columnar distally
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what are the 3 regions of collecting tubules?
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collecting tubules
collecting ducts papillary ducts of bellini |
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what are some unique features of the papillary ducts of bellini?
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200 um in diameter
very large, columnar epithelium with prominent lateral boundaries |
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what is the capsule of the kidney made of?
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dense irregular connective tissue
myofibroblasts |
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what 2 things is the cortex made of
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medullary rays
cortical labyrinth |
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describe the path blood takes through the kidney from aorta to IVC.
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Renal a.
segmental a. lobar a. interlobar a. arcuate a. interlobular a. afferent glomerular arterioles efferent glomerular arterioles arteriolae rectae venae rectae stellate v. interlobular v. arcuate v. interlobar v. lobar v. segmental v. renal v. IVC |
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what are the contents of cortical and medullary interstitium?
whats the only difference in the medullary interstitium? |
macrophages and fibroblasts
medulla contains interstitial cells |
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how does resorbed water and other molecules enter the blood supply?
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by passing from the nephron and collecting tubules, through the interstitium, and into the vasa recta
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what type of epithelium or the calyces composed of?
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transitional epithelium
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about how many papillary ducts of bellini empty into a minor calyx?
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20
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what is the lamina propria of the ureters composed of?
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dense irregular connective tissue
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what are the layers of muscularis for the proximal two thirds of the ureter?
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inner longitudinal layer
outer circular layer |
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what are the layers of muscularis for the distal one third of the ureter?
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inner longitudinal layer
middle circular layer outer longitudinal layer |
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what is the ureter adventitia composed of?
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fibroelastic CT
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what prevents urine from going back up into the ureters as the bladder becomes distended?
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flaps of mucosa that drapes over the ureteric orifice of the bladder.
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what is unique about the lamina propria of the bladder, near the internal urethral orifice?
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it contains mucous glands
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how many layers does the detrusor muscle contain?
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3
inner and outer longitudinal middle circular |
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where would you find a serosa on the urinary bladder?
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laying superficial to the adventitia, on superior portions of the bladder that are in contact withthe abdominal peritoneum
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what is a unique feature of the dome shaped cells of transitional epithelium?
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many of them are binucleate
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what is the epithelium of the female urethra composed of?
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transitional epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium with patches of pseudostratified columnar epi
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what type of epithelium id the prostatic urethra composed of?
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transitional epithelium
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what type of epithelium is the membranous urethra composed of?
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stratified columnar 1-2 cm thick
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what type of epithelium is the spongy urethra composed of?
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stratified columnar epithelium, up to 15 cm thick, with patches of pseudostratisfied columnar epi
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what is contained within the lamina propria of the urethra?
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mucous secreting glands of Littre
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what are the two layers of muscularis in the urethra?
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inner longitudinal
outer circular |
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where might you find skeletal muscles associated with the urethra?
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as it pierces the perineal membrane
external urethral sphincter |
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about how often does the entire blood supply circulate through the kidneys?
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every 4 to 5 min
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how many L of filtrate are formed by the kidneys each day?
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180 L
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about how many L of urine are excreted by the body per day?
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2 L
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how many mL of blood flow through the kidneys each min?
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1220 mL
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what is the primary filtration barrier of the glomerulus?
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the basil lamina
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what are the permeability limits of the glomerulus?
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<5kD freely permeable
>75kD not permeable |
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why doesnt albumin get filtered by the kidneys?
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its almost too large and it is repelled by the negative charge of the basil lamina
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what happens in the proximal tubule of the nephron?
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absorption of water and salts
~70% water, Na+, Cl- resorption all glucose, proteins, and AAs absorbed |
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what is the difference in permeability between the descending and ascending thin loops of henle?
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descending- water, but no salt
ascending- salt, but no water |
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where does aldosterone act on the nephron?
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on the distal convoluted tubule.
increases Na+ resorption |
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where is aldosterone secreted from?
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the adrenal cortex
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where does ADH take its effect in the kidneys?
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it acts on the collecting tubules
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what happens in when there is a low concentration of ADH in the collecting tubule?
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then the collecting tubule membrane becomes impermeable to water (no aquaporins are expressed in the membrane) and the urine is dilute
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what happens when there is a large concentration of ADH in the collecting tubule?
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then aquaporins are expressed on the membrane and water is reabsorbed
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what is diabetes insipidus?
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high volume of dilute urine
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what causes diabetes insipidus?
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damage to the hypothalamus
kidney unresponsive to ADH |
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what is the interplay between renin and ADH?
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renin activates the angiotensin pathway in the blood
angiotensin acts on the adrenals to release aldosterone aldosterone causes Na+ resorption Na+ resorption triggers ADH release ADH brings in water to maintain blood pressure. |
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where is renin located?
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in the juxtaglomerular cells adjacent to the macula densa cells.
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