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198 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nephron |
urine forming structure of the kidney |
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renal medulla |
region of the kidney deep to the cortex; contains collecting ducts |
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renal columns |
extensions of the renal cortex found between renal pyramids |
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papillary ducts |
urine flowing through this structure drains into the MINOR calyx |
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adipose capsule |
located between the renal fascia and renal capsule |
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renal papilla |
apex of the renal pyramid |
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major calyces |
urine flowing through this stucture drains into the renal pelvis |
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renal hilus (hilum) |
vertical fissure in the concave surface of the kidney through which blood vessels and ureters pass |
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renal capsule |
covers outer surface of kidney |
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renal fascia |
dense irregular connective tissue that covers the adipose capsule and attaches the kidney to the abdominal wall |
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renal pelvis |
receives urine from the MAJOR calyces |
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renal sinus |
space within kidney that is adjacent to the renal medulla; contains calyces and renal pelvis |
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minor calyces |
cup like structures located in renal sinus that receives urine from openings of papillary ducts |
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renal pyramids |
cone shaped structures located within the renal medulla |
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renal cortex |
outermost region of the kidney; contains renal corpuscles |
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urinary bladder |
detrusor muscle is the main muscle for this structure |
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prostatic urethra |
region of male urethra that passes through the prostate glad |
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ureteral openings |
two openings in posterior wall of urinary bladder |
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spongy urethra |
region of male urethra that passes through penis |
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trigone |
area bounded by ureteral openings and internal urethral orifice |
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external urethral oriface |
urine is excreted through this opening |
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ureters |
carry urine from renal pelvis to bladder |
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external urethral sphincter |
voluntary skeletal muscle in urogenital diaphragm that allows passage of urine to exterior of body |
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internal urethral sphincter |
circular smooth muscle that involuntarily controls passage of urine from bladder to urethra |
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internal urethral oriface |
anterior opening in bladder that leads to urethra |
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membranous urethra |
region of male urethra that passes through urogenital diaphragm |
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afferent arteriole |
blood vessel that delivers blood to glomerulus |
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peritubular capillaries |
blood from the efferent arteriole flows into this capillary bed |
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bowman's capsule |
structure that surrounds glomerulus and collects filtrate |
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Descending/Ascending loops of Henle |
section(s) of renal tubule that descends into medulla |
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glomerulus |
capillary network within the renal corpuscle |
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renal corpuscle |
includes glomerulus and bowman's capsule |
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efferent arteriole |
blood vessel that drains the glomerulus |
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Vasa Recta |
capillary loop(s) that brances from the efferent arteriole and run along the loop of Henle |
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Flow of filtrate through urinary system |
glomerulus, bowman's capsule, prox conv tubule, desc loop of Henle, acs loop of Henle, dist conv tubule, collecting duct, papillary duct, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, external urethral oriface |
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blood flow through kidney |
renal artery, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, peritubular capillary, renal vein |
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descending loop of Henle |
reabsorption of and additional 15% of water by osmosis; impermeable to solutes. |
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collecting ducts |
Area for last reabsorption of Na and Cl and secretion of K; hormones determine if urine is concentrated. |
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renal corpuscle |
filters blood and forms filtrate |
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proximal convoluted tubule |
area for reabsorption of majority of water and solutes from filtrate (by active and passive processes); secretion also occurs here. |
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distal convoluted tubule |
area for more reabsorption of Na, Cl, and 10-15% more water. |
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ascending loop of Henele |
area for reabsorption of Na and Cl that decreases the osmolarity of filrate; nearly impermeable to water |
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aldosterone |
hormone that increases Na and Cl ion reabsorption and K secretion |
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tubular reabsorption |
process of moving substances from renal tubule into peritubular capillary/ Vasa recta. Water and solutes cross wall of renal tubule, go through interstitial fluid, and return to blood by entering peritubular capillaries. |
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collecting ducts |
ADH acts mainly of this portion of the nephron |
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tubular secretion |
process of moving substances FROM peritubular capillaries/vasa recta INTO renal tubular |
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glomerular filtration |
1st step of urine production; water and solutes pass through wall of glomerulus and through wall of bowman's capsule |
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urination |
voiding the bladder |
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ADH |
Vasopressin; hormone that increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
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seminal vesicles |
secretes 60% of semen volume; alkaline pH; prostaglandins |
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testes |
organ that produces sperm |
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membranous urethra |
part of urethra within the urogenital diapgragm |
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epididymis |
site of storage and maturation of sperm |
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prostate gland |
secretes 25% of semen volume; increases viability and motility of sperm |
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ejaculatory duct |
located in prostate; formed by union of ducts of the ductus (Vas) deferens and seminal vesicle |
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scrotum |
covers and protects testes |
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cremaster muscle |
contracts to pull testes closer to body; located in spermatic cord |
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spongy urethra |
section of urethra in penis |
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ductus (Vas) deferens |
tube in the spermatic cord and pelvic cavity used for transporting sperm |
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Dartos muscle |
smooth muscle; contracts to wrinkle scrotum; located in scrotal wall |
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prostatic urethra |
ejaculatory duct opens into this part of urethra |
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penis |
copulatory organ; passage for urine and semen |
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bulbourethral glands |
secretes mucus for lubrication of glans; alkaline pH |
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nucleus in head |
part of sperm tat contains chromosomes |
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spermatids |
haploid cells that are formed when secodary spermatocytes under meiosis II. |
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leydig cells |
cells that secrete testosterone |
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spermatogonia |
diploid stem cells |
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spermatogenesis |
production of sperm process that produces haploid sperm from diploid stem cells |
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stertoli cells |
cells that surround spermatocyes and spermatids and provide chemical enviornment for spermatogenesis |
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interstitial space |
space in the testes where leydig cells are found |
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primary spermatocytes |
diploid cells that undergo meiosis I to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes |
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spermiogenesis |
transforms spermatids into sperm |
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mitochondria in midpiece |
part of sperm that produces ATP |
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flagellum |
propels the sperm |
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fundus |
domed portion of uterus |
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uterine tubes |
transports secondary oocytes toward uterus |
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ampulla of uterine tube |
usual site of fertilization |
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fimbriae |
finger-like projections on end of uterine tubes; found on end of infundibulum of uterine tubes |
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internal os |
opening between uterus and cervix |
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body |
largest portion of uterus |
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cervix |
narrower portion of uterus; connects with vagina |
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uterus |
implantation of zygote and development of fetus occurs in this organ |
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ovary |
produces secondary oocytes and hormones |
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myometrium |
middle layer of uterus |
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broad ligament |
sheet like ligament attaches uterus to lateral body wall |
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stratum funtionalis of endometrium |
layer of uterus that sheds during menstration |
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round ligament |
ligament attaches uterus to labia majora |
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vestibule |
area between the labia minora with openings of urethra and vagina |
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ruage |
folds in vagina |
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clitoris |
erectile tissue |
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adipose |
tissue that pads mons pubis |
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alveoli of mammary glands |
milk producing glands |
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lactiferous duct openings |
openings in nipple |
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vagina |
organ for intercourse; canal for childbirth and menstration |
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vulva |
another name for female external genitalia |
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development of ovum histology of ovary |
primordial follicle primary follicle secondary follicle mature (graafian) follicle corpus luteum corpus albicans |
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pathway of secondary oocyte |
ovary fimbriae of uterine tube infundibulum of uterine tube ampulla of uterine tube isthmus of uterine tube fundus of uterus body of uterus |
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secondary oocyte |
the name of the ovulated structure prior to fertilization |
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morula |
the blastocyst structure that becomes the embryo |
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ampulla of uterine tube |
the anatomical structure where fertilization normally takes place |
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blastocyte |
the stage of the embryo that implants in the uterine wall |
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day 7 |
after fertilization, implantation normally occurs on this day |
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chorion |
membrane that forms the embryonic side of the placenta |
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blastocyst |
formed after morula stage |
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zona pellucisa |
structure blastocyst sheds before implantation |
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deciduas basalis |
structure that forms on the maternal side of the placenta |
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amniotic sac |
the thin, protective membrane that encompasses the embryo |
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amnion |
the side of the placenta that is smooth and shiny |
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number of umbilical arteries in cord; number of umbilical veins |
2;1
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chorion |
has placental vili |
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number of primary germ layers that form all body organs |
3 layers |
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placenta |
sustains embryo with nutrients and removes wastes |
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secondary oocyte |
name of female gamate |
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The Bilaminar Embryonic Disc is made up of what two (2) layers |
Hypoblast and Epiblast Layer
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What are the three (3) germ layers that make up the Trilaminar Embryonic Disc
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Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm
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Gastrulation
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Involves the use of epiblast and hypoblast cells
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endoderm |
Gives rise to:
~Epithelium of the gastrointestinal track & Respiratory system ~Many organs |
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mesoderm |
Gives rise to:
~Blood ~Muscle ~Bone ~Connective Tissue |
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ectoderm |
Gives rise to: ~all nervous tissue ~outer skin |
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The endoderm is produced by which type of cells from the bilaminar disc?
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hypoblast cells |
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The Mesoderm and Ectoderm is produced by which type of cells from the bilaminar disc?
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Epiblast Cells
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male gamate |
sperm |
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membrane that forms the embryonic side of the placenta |
chorionic vili |
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inner layer of uterus where implantation occurs |
endometrium |
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name of fertilized egg |
zygote |
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bag of water that breaks at birth |
amniotic sac |
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fetal period from week _ to week _ |
9 to 38 |
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by what week are all organs present |
week 9 |
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at what week does the fetus look human |
8 |
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the fetus FIRST doubles in size between weeks _ and _ |
12 and 20 |
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the fetus doubles AGAIN between weeks _ and _ |
16 and 24 |
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the fetus more than doubles between weeks _ and _ |
20 and 38 |
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the term renal tubule includes the |
prox conv tublue loops of Henle dist conv tubule |
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the greater the BP the ____ the filtration rate |
greater |
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glomerular filtration |
water and solutes in blood pass THROUGH glom. capillary walls & visceral layer of bowman's capsule wall, and INTO bowman's capsule |
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tubular reabsorption |
water and solutes more FROM prox/dist conv tubule wall, INTO peritubular caps/ vasa recta |
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tubular secretion |
solutes move FROM peritubular capillaries, INTO "renal tubules" and are eliminated in urine |
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cortex of kidney includes |
renal corpuscle proximal & distal convoluted tubules |
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medulla of kidney includes |
descending & ascending loops of Henle collecting ducts, papillary ducts |
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renal corpuscle is made up of |
glomerulus bowman's capsule |
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reproductive cascade |
hypothalamus: GRH Ant. Pit. gland: LH and FSH Gondads: ~ovaries- progesterone, estrogen, inhinbin, relaxin ~testes- testosterone, inhibin |
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Vasa Recta provides... |
nutrients, gas exchange, waste removal for nephron (desc/asc loops of Henle) |
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Decreases |
As the osmotic pressure in the glomerulus increases, filtration |
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Increases |
As the hydrostatic pressure in bowman capsule ______, filtration decreases |
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Water |
ADH promote the reabsorption of whatb |
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Urea |
Is a by product of amino acid metabolism |
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Uric acid |
Results from the metabolism nucleic acid |
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46 chromosomes/23 pairs |
Spermatogonia have _____ chromosomes |
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Meiosis |
How do primary spermatocytes divide |
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Secondary spermatocytes |
Primary spermatocytes divide by meiosis to form 2 secondary spermatocytes |
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2 spermatids |
2 secondary spermatocytes divide into ____ That each have 23 chromosomes |
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Spermatogenesis |
The combined process of meiosis and spermiogenesis |
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Spermiogenesis |
Development of spermatids into mature sperm |
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Tunica albuminea |
Tough, white fibrous capsule surrounding each testis |
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Meiosis is necessary because |
Otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material |
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During the first meiotic division |
Homologous chromosome pairs separate |
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Urinary bladder muscle |
The detrusor muscle is in the |
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Layers of the ureter |
Outer fibrous coat, middle muscular, inner mucous |
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If glucose is not reabsorbed in tubular fluid _____ increases |
The osmotic pressure (if glucose isn't reabsorbed) |
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Increase in urine volume is called |
Diuresis |
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Glomerular filtration produces about how many liters of fluid in 24 hours |
180 liters of fluid produced in 24 hrs |
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Differences between plasma and filtrate |
Filtrate has same substances except for larger protein molecules |
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A decrease in bowman capsule hydrostatic pressure will ___ the rate of glomerular filtration |
Increase the rate of glomerular filtration |
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Micro villi in wall of proxy conv tubule |
Adaptation in PCT for reabsorption |
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus regulated the filtration rate by |
Renin-angiotensin II vasoconstricting both eff and aff arterioles |
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Vasoconstricting od eff and aff arterioles |
Increases filtration rate in glomerulus |
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An increase in glomerular osmotic pressure ___ the rate of glomerular filtration |
Decreases |
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The number of sperm cells that form from a primary spermatocytes |
4 sperm cells |
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The structure the sperm enters upon exiting the Vas deferens is the |
Ejactulatory duct |
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The egg or ovum is more correctly called a |
Secondary oocyte |
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The Zona pellucida consists of |
Glycoprotein |
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Group of cells in the zygote responsible for forming placenta |
Trophoblasts form |
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Hydrostatic pressure |
Pressure of h2o in blood Drives filtration |
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Hydrostatic pressure |
H2o goes to region with less water |
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Renin angiotenson system |
Decreases glom. Filtration rate Increases blood pressure Increases ADH and aldosterone secretion |
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Excretion pathway |
Collecting ducts Renal papillae Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Bladder Urethra |
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Sertoli cells secrete |
Secrete hormone inhibin |
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Leydig cells secrete |
Cells that secrete testosterone |
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Spermatogenesis |
Creates 4 haploid spermatids with 23 single chromosomes |
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Zygote |
Fertilization to implantation |
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Embryo |
Implantation to 8 weeks |
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Fetus |
12 weeks to birth |
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Infant |
Birth to 1 year |
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Stratum functionalis |
Layer of uterine wall that sheds during menstruation |
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Stratum basalis |
Layer of uterine wall that is made of stem cells to replace strat. Functionalis each month |
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Cascade effect |
GRH to LH & FSH to estrogen progesterone inhibin relaxin |
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FSH |
Stimulates follicle development |
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LH |
Stimulates development of follicle |
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Graafian follicle |
Mature follicle; blisters that ruptures to release secondary oocyte |
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Syngamy |
When sperm fuses with egg |
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Fertilization |
When sperm DNA and egg DNA join |
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3 parts of blastocyst |
Trophoblasts- placenta Embryologic- embryo area Blastocyst cavity |
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Endometrial layers INCLUDING zygote |
Decidua basalis- bet zygote and stratum basalis D. Capsularis - capsule around zygote D. Parietalis- lines inside of uterine cavity |
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Zygote |
Fertilized oocyte. 12 to 24 hours after ovulation |
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Cleavage |
To 3rd day, mitosis |
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Morula |
To 4th day, solid ball of cells |
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Blastocyst |
Thru 2nd week. Hollow ball |
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Gastrula |
End of 2nd week, germ layers present |
