Urinary / Kidney - A&p Final Review

Front 1

The nephron is divided into these 3 systems / parts:

Back 1

1. Renal circulation / blood supply

2. renal corpuscle

3. renal tubules

Front 2

How often does blood get filtered through the kidneys?

Back 2

Every 4 - 5 minutes

Front 3

Describe the system / parts of renal circulation / blood supply:

Back 3

renal artery becomes smaller and smaller, forming interlobar arteries, capillaries (going into the glomerulus), then interlobar veins, then the renal vein (which drains into caudal vena cava.)

Front 4

The renal corpuscle consists of what two parts?

Back 4

1. glomerulus

2. Bowman's capsule

Front 5

Which of the two parts of the renal corpuscle is the vascular part?

Back 5

the glomerulus

Front 6

Which of the two parts of the renal corpuscle is the tubular part?

Back 6

Bowman's capsule

Front 7

The vascular glomerulus consists of what four parts?

Back 7

1. afferent arterioles

2. glomerulus

3. efferent arterioles

4. peritubular capillaries

Front 8

Where is the Bowman's capsule and what are its 3 layers?

Back 8

Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus.

1. parietal (simple squamous epithelium)

2. visceral (contains podocytes)

3. capsular space (leads into PCT)

Front 9

Where do the renal tubules begin?

Back 9

at the capsular space of the glomerular capsule

Front 10

Name the 6 sections of the renal tubules (in order):

Back 10

1. proximal convoluted tubule

2. descenting loop of nephron

3. loop of Henle

4. ascending loop of nephron

5. distal convoluted tubule

6. collecting duct

Front 11

The ___________________ ____________________ allows each nephron to monitor and regulate their own function.

Back 11

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 12

What are the 3 major types of cells of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

Back 12

1. JG cells

2. macula densa cells

3. mesangial cells

Front 13

How does the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus work?

(2 ways)

Back 13

1. JG cells dilate or constrict the afferent / efferent arterioles

2. release renin (if blood pressure drops)

Front 14

What stimulated the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

Back 14

Changes in blood pressure

the macula densa cells

Front 15

Name the 3 stages of the Renin / Angiotensin Mechanism

Back 15

1. when BP drops, JG cells release renin

2. renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

3. Angiotensin I goes to lungs, becomes angiotensin II (potent vasoconstrictor)

Front 16

What are the effects of angiotensin II?

(name 5)

Back 16

1. vasocontriction

2. constricts efferent arteriole

3. increases H20 absorption in tubules

4. stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone (causes Na+ and H20 retention)

5. stimulates thirst.

Front 17

The ________________ and ___________________ of all body fluids is regulated by the kidneys.

Back 17

volume, composition

Front 18

What is normal TBW (total body water) for:

1. neonates

2. adultes

3. geriatrics

Back 18

1. 80%

2. 60%

3. 45-50%

Front 19

Obesity causes a _______________ in TBW.

Back 19

decrease

(obese adults may have a TBW of 25 - 30% instead of the normal 60%)

Front 20

TBW varies with what three things?

Back 20

1. age

2. weight

3. gender

Front 21

Which two age groups are more susceptible to dehydration

Back 21

neonates

geriatric

Front 22

What are the 2 major fluid compartments?

Back 22

1. ICF (intra-cellular fluid)

2. ECF (extra-cellular fluid)

Front 23

ICF is all the fluid within cell membranes, which makes up ____________% of H20 in the body.

Back 23

65%

Front 24

ECF makes up ________% of body fluid.

Back 24

35%

Front 25

What are the 4 types of extracellular fluids?

Back 25

1. interstitial fluid

2. blood plasma

3. lymph

4. transcellular fluid

Front 26

What are some examples of transcellular fluid?

Back 26

sweat

cerebrospinal fluid

synovial fluid

aqueous / vitreous humors

bile

glandular secretions

Front 27

Which type of fluid (ECF or ICF) contains high amounts of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-?

Back 27

EXTRAcellular fluid

Front 28

What are the two Major Forces for moving fluid between compartments?

Back 28

1. osmotic pressure

2. hydrostatic pressure

Front 29

Osmotic pressure results from the difference in ________________ of _____________ and is determined mainly by ______________________ concentrations.

Back 29

concentration

H20

electrolyte

Front 30

Hydrostatic pressure is the _______________ force exerted by molecules _______________ against the walls of a container.

Back 30

physical

pushing

Front 31

Which type of pressure is self-regulating?

Back 31

Osmotic

Front 32

Which type of pressure is mostly related to blood pressure?

Back 32

Hydrostatic

Front 33

Which type of pressure causes water to move OUT of plasma?

Back 33

Hydrostatic

(Osmotic pressure causes water to move INTO plasma)

Front 34

Water intake is regulated by ______________.

Back 34

Thirst

Front 35

Water output is regulated by _________________.

Back 35

the kidneys

Front 36

Water intake :

liquid drinking = _______%

food eating = __________%

metabolic H20 = ________%

Back 36

60%

30%

10%

Front 37

Positive regulation of water intake makes you _____________ by osmoreceptors in the ______________detecting a rise in osmotic pressure in the blood.

Back 37

thirsty

hypothalamus

Front 38

Negative regulation of water intake involves the stretch receptors in the stomach that tell you what?

Back 38

To stop drinking before too much water is absorbed into the blood.

Front 39

Two methods for water output:

Back 39

1. urine - 60% (highly regulated)

2. feces, sweat, respiration, evaporation - 40% (fairly Unregulated)

Front 40

Electrolyte balance is important in:

(name 3 things)

Back 40

1. chemical reactions (metabolism)

2. nerve transmision / muscle contraction (membrane polarization / depolarization)

3. osmotic pressure of body fluids

Front 41

Electrolytes: input is mainly ___________, while output is _____________ and ________________.

Back 41

dietary

urine, perspiration

Front 42

What is the principal cation of extracellular fluid?

Back 42

Sodium

Front 43

Sodium is the most important solute in determining _________________ and __________________ of _________ between compartments.

Back 43

Total Body Water

distribution, H20

Front 44

Name 3 substances that are co-transported along with sodium:

Back 44

1. glucose

2. calcium

3. potassium

Front 45

What 3 hormones are involved, in some way, with lowering sodium in either the blood or urine?

Back 45

1. ADH

2. Aldosterone

3. ANF

Front 46

Which hormone is the most important regarding sodium levels / blood pressure regulation

Back 46

aldosterone

Front 47

What effect does aldosterone have?

Back 47

increases sodium BLOOD levels

Front 48

Does aldosterone affect the concentration of Na+ in the blood?

Back 48

NO - because water is also absorbed

Front 49

Does ADH affect the concentration of Na+ in the blood?

Back 49

YES - because it changes the H20 concentration.

Front 50

What effect does ADH have?

Back 50

"dont' pee"

increases H20 absorption, which lowers Na+

Front 51

Where does ANF come from?

Back 51

the heart

Front 52

What effect does ANF have?

Back 52

works against renin and aldosterone...

inhibits Na+ and H20 reabsorption in DCT and CD

Front 53

What stimulates production of ANF?

Back 53

stretching produced by hypertension