Urinary Elimination

Front 1

incontinence

Back 1

involuntary loss of urine

Front 2

retention

Back 2

unable to void although there's enough urine in bladder;
accumulate urine in bladder but inability to void;
1000-3000 mL in bladder,
treatment - catheterization

Front 3

suppression

Back 3

can't void b/c kidneys aren't secreting
& bladder is empty

Front 4

diuresis

Back 4

increased urine formation, usually from food

Front 5

polyuria

Back 5

excessive amts of urine output;
> 2000 mL/day

Front 6

oliguria

Back 6

diminished capacity to produce urine
scant urine - 100-400 mL/day

Front 7

anuria

Back 7

inability to produce urine,
< 100 mL/day
same as kidney shutdown, renal failure, suppression

Front 8

glycosuria

Back 8

glucose in urine

Front 9

proteinuria

Back 9

large amt of protein in urine

Front 10

frequency

Back 10

urinating more than usual
many intervals - < q2h

Front 11

cystitis

Back 11

inflamed/irritated bladder
will cause frequency
pregnancy - fetus putting pressure on bladder

Front 12

nocturia

Back 12

frequency at night that's not result of increased intake

Front 13

dysuria

Back 13

pain/burning on urination

Front 14

residual urine

Back 14

retains urine in bladder after voiding
> 100 mL

Front 15

hesitancy

Back 15

difficulty initiating urination

Front 16

urgency

Back 16

feels need to void immediately

Front 17

enuresis

Back 17

nighttime wetting after 5 yrs old
prevalent in boys

Front 18

primary enuresis

Back 18

never been dry at night

Front 19

secondary enuresis

Back 19

acquired after being dry

Front 20

hematuria

Back 20

blood in urine, red or pink
may be an early sign of bladder infection

Front 21

What are the types of incontinence?

Back 21

functional,
overflow,
reflex,
stress,
& urge

Front 22

functional incontinence

Back 22

involuntary unpredictable urination in client w/ intact urinary & nervous system
immediate urge & not enough time to get to bathroom

Front 23

overflow incontinence

Back 23

loss of small amt of urine from over distended bladder (20-30 mL)
dribbling

Front 24

reflex incontinence

Back 24

loss of urine at predictable intervals,
unaware of bladder filling lacks urge to void

Front 25

stress incontinence

Back 25

leaking of small amt of urine caused by sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure (coughing, sneezing, laughing)

Front 26

urge incontinence

Back 26

involuntary passage of urine after strong sense of urgency to void
more often than q2h

Front 27

micturition reflex

Back 27

usually occurs when 150-200 mL;
women sit,
men stand

Front 28

retention w/ overflow

Back 28

void small amt but bladder is full
usually > 100 mL
get dribbling

Front 29

stasis

Back 29

slowing of urine flow;
stagnation

Front 30

How does retention work?

Back 30

urine collects then stretches walls, causing pressure, discomfort, & tenderness over symphysis pubis

Front 31

What are the signs & symptoms of retention?

Back 31

restlessness,
diaphoresis

Front 32

What should be assessed of urine?

Back 32

volume,
color,
clarity,
odor

Front 33

What is the normal output of urine?

Back 33

60-120 mL/hr - depends on intake;
1200-1500 mL/day

Front 34

How much urine output could signify kidney malfunction?

Back 34

< 30 mL/hr

Front 35

normal urine

Back 35

straw to amber,
clear

Front 36

concentrated urine color

Back 36

dark amber

Front 37

cloudy urine

Back 37

may be pus
(if left standing, will become cloudy)

Front 38

foamy

Back 38

may have protein

Front 39

sweet urine odor

Back 39

diabetes

Front 40

offensive urine odor

Back 40

pyuria (bacteria)

Front 41

specific gravity of urine

Back 41

tells concentration
normal: 1.010 - 1.025
upper limits indicate dehydration

Front 42

protein urine testing

Back 42

up to 10 mg/mL
not normally found in urine;
may be found after strenuous exercise

Front 43

glucose urine testing

Back 43

not normally found, except in diabetics

Front 44

ketones

Back 44

not normally found;
found in fasting pts
end product of breakdown of fatty acids
seen in diabetics
starvation dehydration

Front 45

blood urine testing

Back 45

up to 2 RBCs
seen in trauma & menstruating women

Front 46

random specimen

Back 46

routine urinalysis
client can void naturally,
or sample can be obtained from foley catheter
specimen is clean

Front 47

clean voided or midstream catch

Back 47

specimen is collected so that it's relatively free from organisms growing in urethra
this type of specimen is used to test for C&S
urine is caught in sterile container midstream
use aseptic technique
initiate stream, then collect

Front 48

sterile specimen

Back 48

specimen taken from foley catheter for purpose of C&S
use sterile syringe to withdraw urine from resealable port

Front 49

timed urine specimen

Back 49

used to measure renal function & urine composition
collection of urine over 2, 12, or 24 h intervals
collection time begins AFTER first void
ea voiding is collected in large clean container

Front 50

What are the types of tests on urine?

Back 50

random specimen,
clean voided or midstream catch,
sterile specimen,
timed urine specimen,
specific gravity

Front 51

What are diagnostic tests done on urine?

Back 51

KUB - X-ray,
IVP - intravenous pyelogram,
renal scan,
ultrasound - renal, bladder,
cystoscopy

Front 52

What should be done after IVP?

Back 52

watch for signs of allergic reaction,
encourage fluid intake to dilute & flush dye

Front 53

cystoscopy

Back 53

client may be given sedative before procedure
& then local anesthetic

Front 54

hx assessment of urine

Back 54

pattern of urination,
symptoms of urination

Front 55

physical assessment of urine

Back 55

skin - check for dehydration
kidneys - check for flank tenderness
bladder - palpate
check meatus

Front 56

urine assessment

Back 56

I&O,
check characteristics

Front 57

nursing diagnosis

Back 57

incontinence related to diuretic therapy

Front 58

goal

Back 58

client will be continent within 48 hours

Front 59

cholinergic drugs

Back 59

increase contraction of bladder & improve emptying

Front 60

anticholinergic drugs

Back 60

reduce incontinence

Front 61

clients w/ urinary diversion that have to wear stoma bag b/c of no control

Back 61

need special skin care
irritation & skin breakdown occur when urine contacts skin for long periods