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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What makes up the urinary system?
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kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
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Kidney function:
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filtering metabolic wastes from the body
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Product of the kidneys:
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urine
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Are there septa and trabeculae in the kidney
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NO
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Point of entry and exit for vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and the ureter of kidney
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hilus
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Stroma of kidney primarily consists of
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reticular fibers
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Parenchyma of the kidney
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nephrons
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Functional unit of the kidney
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nephron
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What makes up the nephron?
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glomerulus and renal tubule
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Renal corpuscle is made up of
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the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
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Name the parts of the renal tubule in order
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Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, Henle's loop, distal tubule and collecting duct
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A nephron and its associated collecting tubule are collectively known as a
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uniferous tubule
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What zones are the cortex divided into?
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outer cortical zone and inner juxtamedullary zone
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Within the medulla are 8-18 triangular-shaped structures known as
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renal pyramids
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Kidney is lined by what type of epithelium
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transitional
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Define a lobe
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one pyramid and the cortical material that caps it
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define a lobule
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one medullary ray and the cortical labyrinth that surrounds it
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What can you find in the renal sinus?
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pelvis, calyces, nerves, blood vessels, fat
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Name of duct found at the apex of the medulla
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papillary duct
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Name the two types of nephrons and the percentages in which they exist
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Cortical nephrons 86%
Juxtamedullary nephron 14% |
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Filtrate becomes hypertonic in which limb?
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Descending limb of loop of Henle
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Filtrate becomes hyptotonic in which limb?
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Ascending limb of loop of Henle
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Water doesn't flow out of which limb of the loop of Henle?
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the ascending of limb
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Which nephron has a longer loop of henle, larger glomerulus, lower renin content ?
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Juxtameduallary nephrons
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The Basement membrane of what is PAS +
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Collecting duct
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How many nephrons empty into collecting duct?
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about 10
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What can be found in the medulla
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collecting duct and loops of Henle
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What is found in the labyrinth of the cortex?
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renal corpuscle, afferent and efferent arterioles, proximal and distal collecting tubules
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Main function of the kidney
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filter the blood
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Glomerular filtration rate is
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125ml/min
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typical urine output
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1-2 liters of urine per day
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The two kidneys recieve how much of the cardiac output
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20-25%
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What makes up the juxtaglomerular apparatus
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1.Macula Densa of distal tubule
2.Justaglomerular cells 3.Lacis cells **All three have gap junctions that connect eachother |
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What does the macula densa do?
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Montitors Na+ level in the filtate (osmometer)
Decreases BP in afferent arteriole |
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What happens if there is a low sodium level in the distal tubule?
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The macula densa cells recognize the low na conent and stimulate the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin into the blood which activates angiotensin and results in an increase in sodium reabsorption
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what does the juxtaglomerular cells regulate?
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Blood pressure
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Trace the flow of blood in the kidney?
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Interlobar artery, arcuate atery, interlobular artery, intralobular artery, afferent arteriole, glomerular capillaries, efferent arteriole and then to either the peritubular capillaries via cortical nephrons or to vasa recta via the juxtamedullary nephrons
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Where does blood travel from the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron?
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vasa recta only in medulla
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Where does blood travel from the efferent arteriole of the cortical nephron?
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peritubular capillaries only in cortex
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Filtration of blood plasma to glmerulus occurs where?
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renal corpuscle
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Process of putting things back into the blood from uniferous tubule
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reabsorption
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What is found in the urinary space between layers of the renal corpuscle?
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filtrate
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GBFP=
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55mm Hg
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The smaller diameter of the efferent arteriole does what?
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increases resistance to flow, increases pressure, increases filtrate
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What do the intraglomerular mesangial cells do?
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produce an amorphous intercellular matrix, help arrange capillary loops
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The spherical glomerulus is a rete mirabile i.e. it
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interrupts an arteriole
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Where does the proximal tubule begin?
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the urinary pole
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What are some key characteristics of the proximal tubule?
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brush border microvilli, infoldings with numerous mitochondria, lateral interdigitations
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The distal tubule does or does not show numerous plasma membrane infoldings
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does not
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The distal tubule returns to the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle of the same nephron, where it fits into the notch between what?
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the afferent and efferent arterioles
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The most significant specialization at the vascular pole
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juxtaglomerular cells
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What does and does not get through the blood-urine barrier?
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Does-water, glucose, vitamins, ions, amino acids, small plasma proteins, ammonia, urea
Does not-albumin, large proteins |
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Mesangium functions:
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1. support of capillary loop system and podocytes; structural support
2. control of blood flow through glomerular loops via angiotensin mechanisms; receptors for angiotensin II 3. secrete matrix they sit in 4. phagocytosis of macromolecules lodged in glomerular BM 5. secrete prostaglandins, endothelins 6. can divide |
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Lamina densa is mostly
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Type IV
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Lamina rara is mostly
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heparan sulfate
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muscular walled resevoir for termporary urine storage
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urinary bladder
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bladder is lined with what type of epithelium?
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transitional
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What excretory passages are included in the urinary system?
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minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and urethra.
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What is the basic structure (besides the urethra) of the excretory passages of the urinary system?
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Inner mucosal layer, middle muscularis layer, outer adventital coat of connective tissue
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The thickness of the three layers of the excretory passages _______ from the minor calyces to the bladder.
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increases
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Urine can only enter the lumen of the expanded end of the ureter because?
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the transitional epitheluim that lines the renal pelivs is continuous with the epithelium covering the papilla, and this, in turn, is continuous with the epithelium lining the papillary ducts.
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Composition of urine:
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sodium chloride, potassium, sulfur, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium
urea, creatinine, uric acid, glucose |
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which kidney is slightly higher?
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left
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Functions of the kidney:
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Excretory-rid of wastes
Homeostatic Endocrine **RBC and erythropoeitin **Calcitrol, calcium; active form of Vitamin D |
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What is the endocrine product of the kidney?
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renin- increases BP
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How does the kidney preserve homeostasis?
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1.ultrafiltration of plasma
2.selective reabsorption of filtrate |
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Each ureter is ______ along its entire lengeh.
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retroperitoneal
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Connects the kidney to abdominal cavity
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renal fascia
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Where does the urinary bladder lie?
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pelvis minor, posterior to pelvic bones
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Do the ureters further modify urine?
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NO
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What forces urine into the bladder
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Perstaltic waves of contraction
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What is the trigone?
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three openings in the bladder from the entry of the ureters and the exit of the urethra
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Ureter is lined by what epithelium?
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transitional
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How are the layers of smooth muscle arranged in the ureter?
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Inner layer-longitudinally
Outer layer-circualarly |
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Muscular walled reservoir for temporay storage of urine
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urinary bladder
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Normal capacity of of bladder
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one pint
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What epithelium is the bladder lined with
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transitional
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How does the bladder expand to hold an increasing amount of urine?
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Invaginated plaques form fusiform cytoplasmic vesicles that are a store for plasma membrane, the vesicles insert themselves into the surface membrane to rapidly expand the area when the bladder is stretched.
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_____ help to maintain strong cohesion between the epithelial cells of the growing bladder and _____ between the lateral borders of the superficial cells help reduce leakage that tends to occur across the epithelium as a result of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure differences.
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Desmosomes
Tight Junctions |
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The bladder is covered by a fibrous adventita except on the superior surface where it is covered with ______ and therefore the outer layer is referred to as a _____
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peritoneum
serosa |
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Three portions of the urethra in a male?
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prostatic, membranous, penile
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Longes portion of urethra in the male?
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penile (cavernous)
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Epithelium in the penile urethra?
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stratified columnar
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What do the urethral glands of Littre secret?
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mucus
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What ensheaths the penile urethra?
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corpus spongiosum
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The external sphincter is composed of ? and is under ? control
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skeletal
voluntary |
