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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Main functions of kidney
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Primarily responsible for maintaining stability of ECF volume, electrolyte composition, and osmolarity AND Main route for eliminating potentially toxic metabolic wastes and foreign compounds from the body
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which ions does the kidney work with
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sodium, chloride, calcium
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The kidneys receive ___% of cardiac output at rest
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20
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kidneys Utilize ____% of ATP usage by body
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16
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what is the functional unit of the kidneys
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nephron
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what are the functions of the kidney (nephron)
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filtration, secretion, reabsorption, excretion
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describe path of vascular component of nephron
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renal artery->afferent arteriole->glomerulus->efferent arteriole->peritubular capillaries->venules->renal vein
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describe the path of the tubular component of nephron
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bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, descending limb of loop of henle, ascending limb of loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct
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what are the 2 types of nephrons
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juxtamedullary nephrons, cortical nephrons
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which type of nephron's Loop of Henle plunges entire length of medulla
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juxtamedullary
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filtration occurs only at the ______
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glomerulus
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filtration is from ____ ____ into the ____ ____, reabsorption is from _____ ____ back to the ____ and secretion is from the ____ into the ___ ___ not at the ____
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bowman's capsule, tubular component, tubular component, blood, blood, tubular component, glomerulus
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excretion is __ + ___ - ____
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filtrated, secreted, reabsorbed
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____ is urine formation
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excretion
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Movement of protein-free plasma from glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule
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16Glomerular Filtration
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3 layers to get to tubular component
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Glomerular capillary wall, basement membrane, inner layer of bowman's capsule
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3 forces involved in filtration
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Glomerular capillary blood pressure, Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure, Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
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___ and ___ pressure oppose filtration
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Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure, Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
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net filtration =
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capillary blood pressure - (osmotic pressure + hydrostatic pressure)
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Fluid pressure exerted by blood within glomerular capillaries
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glomerular capillary blood pressure
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Caused by unequal distribution of plasma proteins across glomerular membrane
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Plasma-colloid Osmotic Pressure
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pulls water back via osmosis
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Plasma-colloid Osmotic Pressure
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Pressure exerted by fluid in initial part of tubule
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Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure
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pushes fluid back into the glomerulus
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Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure
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transfer of substances from tubular lumen into peritubular capillaries
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29Tubular Reabsorption
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in transepithelial transport, Reabsorbed substance must ___
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cross 5 barriers
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What are the 5 barriers a substance must cross to be reabsorbed (in order)
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tubule epithelial cells, basolateral membrane, basement membrane, peritubular space, go into capillary
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___ % glucose is reabsorbed
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100 (unless diabotic
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What substances are passively reabsorbed?
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water, urea, Cl-
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What substances are actively reabsorbed?
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glucose, amino acids and electrolytes
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glucose gets ___ absorbed from the lumen into the tubule cell (across ___ membrane). why?
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actively, apical, because the concentration gradient is going from low to high
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glucose uses ___ diffusion from the epithelial cell into the peritubular space (across ____ membrane).
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facilitate, basolateral
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what pulls glucose into tubule epithelial cell?
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sodium moving down its concentration gradient
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what is essential in setting up sodium gradient
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sodium-potassium pump
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How many sodium are pumped out? how many potassium are pumped in?
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3 and 2
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where are sodium/potassium pumps found (which membrane)
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basolateral membrane
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can kidneys reabsorb all levels of glucose?
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no, there is a transport maximum
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where do you get unregulated (unchanging) reabsorption
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proximal tubule
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where do you regulated reabsorption
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distal tubule & collecting duct
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which reabsorption (unregulated/regulated) is more active?
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unregulated
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what is filtration
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movement of protein-less plasma from the glomerulus into the bowman's capsule
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what is tubular reabsorption
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movement from the tubular component into the peritubular capillaries
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what is secretion
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movement from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular component
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what is most important to secrete?
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H+, K+, organic ions
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decrease in pH causes a ___ in H+ secretion
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increase
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increase in K+concentration causes ____ in K+ secretion
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increase
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what is K+ secretion under the control of
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aldosterone
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where is K+ secreted
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distal tubule and collecting duct
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aldosterone ____ sodium reabsorption and ____ potassium secretion
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increases, increases
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where are organic ions secreted
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proximal tubule
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what gets reabsorbed in proximal tubule? secreted?
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basically everything, H+, organic ions
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what gets reabsorbed in the descending limb? secreted?
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water, nothing
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what gets reabsorbed in the ascending limb? secreted?
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ions, nothing
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what gets reabsorbed in the distal tubule? secreted
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ions and water, K+ & H+
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what gets reabsorbed in the collecting duct?
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ions and water and urea and HCO3, K+ & H+
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what is excretion?
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what ends up in the urine (amount filtered + amount secreted –amount reabsorbed)
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too much water in ECF, you will produce ___ concentration ___ volume urine
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low, high
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if you are dehydrated, you will produce ___ concentration, ___ volume urine
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high, low
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If your ECF becomes hypertonic, you will ____ water reabsorption. If your ECF becomes hypotonic, you will ___ water reabsorption
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increase, decrease
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70% of water reabsorption takes place in ___ ___ and is/is not regulated
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proximal tubules, not regulated
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what is the remaining water reabsorption regulated by?
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ADH
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what is ADH produced by
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posterior pituitary
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what are the steps for water and urea reabsorption?
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1-solutes are actively reabsorbed, increasing osmolarity of plasma, 2-water is reabsorbed by osmosis, 3-urea is reabsorbed passively
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when you become dehydrated, your blood will become _____ and you will want to ___ ___
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hyperosmotic, retain water
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what nephron sets up osmotic gradient?
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juxtamedullary
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the ____ limb is concentrating the interstitial fluid, the ___ limb is concentrating the tubular fluid
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ascending, descending
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what Controls Water Reabsorption in Final Tubular Segment
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ADH, antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
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what is the function of ADH
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The secretion of ADH increases the permeability of the tubule cells to water.
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if you just took a big drink of water, ___ is not involved and the the tubule is/is not permeable to water. Water ends up where?
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ADH, is not, urine
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ADH cause ___ to be put on the ___ ___
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aquaporin, apical membrane
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excess of sodium in blood is called ____ which leads to ____ blood pressure
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hypernatremia, increased
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decrease of sodium in blood is called ____ which leads to ____ blood pressure
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hyponatremia, decreased
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hold onto sodium, you'll __ __ __
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hold onto water
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___% of the 16% of ATP used in the kidney is used for sodium reabsorbtion
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80
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sodium channels on __ __ are under __ __
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apical membrane, hormonal control'
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more sodium channels open means ___ sodium reabsorbtion
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more
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in order to reabsorb sodium, you must ___ ___
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secrete potassium
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liver produces ____, ___ activates is to become ____ __, then it comes in contact with ____ which converts it to ____ ___, which causes the release of ___ from the ___ ___
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angiotensinogen, renin, angiotensin I, ACE, angiotensin II, aldosterone, adrenal cortex.
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aldosterone increases sodium ____ and increases potassium _____
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reabsorption, secretion
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angiotensin II causes ___ and ___ of arterioles, which means it ___ blood pressure
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thirst, vasoconstriction, increases
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aldosterone attaches to ___ and causes more sodium-potassium ___ to be put on the apical membrane and more sodium-potassium ___ to be put on the basolateral membrane
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receptor, channels, pumps
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what 3 things will start off the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system>
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excess of potassium, decrease of sodium in blood, decrease of blood pressure
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what is a common drug for hypertension that will stop the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? why?
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ACE-inhibitor, without ACE, angiotensin II is not created which is what causes vasoconstriction and consequently increase BP
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what hormone decreases blood pressure?
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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
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ANP is released in response to what?
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atria being stretched from high blood volume
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what does ANP do?
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Increases GFR, increase urine output, decrease blood volume, decreasing sodium reabsorption, decrease blood pressure
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what is hyperkalemia and its effects
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high plasma potassium, Can cause cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness and cramps
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what is hypokalemia and its effects
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low plasma potassium, Can cause cardiac arrhythmias, muscle weakness, hypotension, and confusion
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what is hypercalcemia and its effects
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high plasma calcium, Leads to muscle weakness and atrophy, lethargy, and hypertension
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what is hypocalcemia and its effects
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low plasma calcium, Numbness and tingling sensations, muscle cramps and spasms,exageratedreflexes, hypotension
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calcitonin causes calcium to
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be brought into bones
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what 2 hormones increase release of calcium from bone
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Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol
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what 2 hormones increase reabsorption from the kidneys
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Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol
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what hormone causes calcium to go into blood
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calcitonin
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what hormone causes excretion of calcium
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calcitonin
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___ give off hydrogen ions, ___ pick them up
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acids, bases
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pH above 7 is a __, below 7 is a ___
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base, acid
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Arterial pH less than ____ or greater than ___ is not compatible with life
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6.8, 8
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___ Exists when blood pH falls below 7.35
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acidosis
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____ Occurs when blood pH is above 7.45
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alkalosis
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acidosis does what to excitability of neurons? potassium retention? catecholamines?
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decrease, increase, decrease
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alkalosis does what to excitability of neurons? potassium retention?
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increases, decreases
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what are the 3 lines of defense for pH changes
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Buffers, Respiratory compensation, Renal compensation
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what is a major extracellular buffer?
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bicarbonate buffer system
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what are the major intracellular buffer?
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protein and phosphate buffer systems
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decrease in pH is detected by ___ ___ in the ___ which causes
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peripheral chemoreceptors, carotid artery, increasing ventilation, decrease in plasma CO2, increase in plasma pH
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respiration defense happens within
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minutes
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renal defense happens within
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hours or days
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how does the kidney help with pH balance
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increase H+ excretion, increase bicarbonate excretion and production
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acidosis causes
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Increased secretion of hydrogen ions, Increased reabsorptionof bicarbonate, Increased synthesis of new bicarbonate
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what will cause respiratory acidosis
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Result of abnormal CO2 retention arising from hypoventilation
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what will cause alkalosis
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hyperventilation (blow off too much CO2)
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metabolic acidosis is caused by what? what about metabolic alkalosis
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retaining too many acids, getting rid of too many acids
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If you have metabolic alkalosis, what type of compensation?
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respiratory
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if you have respiratory acidosis, what type of compensation?
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renal
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