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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the urinary system?
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1. Excretion 2. Regulates BP and blood volume. 3. Regulates ion conc. of blood. 4. Regulates Ph level 5. Regulates RBC production. 6. Regulates Vit D synthesis
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Urinary system regulates pH in what part of the body?
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Extracellular fluids.
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How does the Urinary system regulate RBC production?
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By secreting the hormone Erythropoieten.
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What is the formula for urine?
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(Filtration + Secretion) - Reabsorption
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What are the three important processes of the urinary system?
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Filtration
Secretion Reabsorption |
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The medulla separates into what?
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Renal pyramids.
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What structure does the work of the kidney?
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The nephron
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What is the site of urine formation?
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The nephron.
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Most of the structure of the kidney is made of what?
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The cortex.
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How many nephrons are in one kidney?
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1.5 million
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What is a capillary network located inside the bowmans capsule?
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Glomerulus
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The loop of henle is composed of what three things?
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Thin descending limb
Thin ascending limb Thick ascending limb |
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What are the two types of nephrons?
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Cortical and Juxtamedullary
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What kind of loop of henle does the cortical nephron have?
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Short one
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What kind of loop of henle does the juxtamedullary nephron have?
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Long one
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The nephron leads to what?
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The excretory ducts.
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The nephron is composed of what 6 things?
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Renal corpuscle
Bowmans capsule Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule L of H and Distal convoluted tubule. |
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What are the collecting ducts or excretory ducts?
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They drain the nephron. They are at the end of the DCT.
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What do afferent arterioles do?
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They bring blood into the glomerulus.
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What is the glomerulus and what does it do?
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It's a capillary bed that sits in the bowmans capsule. It is the site of blood filtration.
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What do efferent arterioles do?
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Take blood away from glomerulus.
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The efferent arterioles branch into __________.
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Capillaries called peritubular capillaries.
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The peritubular capillaries surround what?
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Proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
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What is the vasa recta?
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Specialized branches of peritubular capillaries.
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The vasa recta extend to the _______ and surround ________.
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Medulla, loop of henle.
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What is filtration?
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Removal of substances from glomerula blood.
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What is the fluid called that enters the nephron?
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Filtrate
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How permeable is the membrane of the glomerulus?
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VERY permeable.
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What is GFR?
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Glomerular filtration rate. The amount of filtrate produced each minute.
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Normal GFR is ______.
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180 L per day.
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What is the normal urine production?
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1-2 L per day.
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What does the filtration membrane exclude?
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Blood cells and large proteins.
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What is the benefit of the glomerulus BP being so high?
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It generates a pressure gradient that forces substances out of blood and into bowmans capsule.
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What is reabsorption?
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Reclaiming filtered substances.
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The substances that are reabsorbed move into ________.
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The peritubular capillaries.
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How much water is reabsorbed?
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97-99%
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How much Cl- is reabsorbed?
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97-99%
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How much K+ is reabsorbed?
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Some. It depends on body needs.
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What are the other "some" minerals that are reabsorbed?
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Mg, HCO3, Sulfate, phosphate, and nitrate.
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How much glucose should be reabsorbed?
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100%- none should remain in urine.
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How much protein should be reabsorbed?
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100% on small proteins. A person may still have a small protein level in urine.
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How much of vitamins are reabsorbed?
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100% unless in excess of what body needs.
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Minerals are absorbed by what kind of transport?
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Active
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What is the most important segment for Na reabsorption?
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The proximal tubule.
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How much of Na is removed from the proximal tubule by active transport?
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70%
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What is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
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Glucose and AA
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What areas of the loop have low permeability to Na and Cl?
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Descending and ascending limb.
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Which area has a low permeability to water?
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Thick ascending limb.
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Depending on aldosterone, what things are reabsorbed in the convoluted tubule?
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Na, Cl, HCO3, and H2O
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The collecting duct is permeable to H2O under what circumstances?
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If ADH is present.
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Where does secretion occur?
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In distal tubule and collecting tubule.
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Why is secretion done at the beginning of collecting ducts?
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To maximize the secretion.
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What kind of substances are secreted?
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Ammonia, K+, and H+
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How does the body get rid of ammonia?
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It binds to glutamic acid. The ammonia is excreted and the glutamic acid stays in the body.
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The limbs of the loop of henle are connected by what?
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Interstitial tissue.
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GRF calculation
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GFR = M/P
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M=
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Mass of creatinine excreted over time.
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P=
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Plasma concentration of creatinine.
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Micturition is also known as?
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Urination
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Total bladder volume is?
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500ml
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Threshold is?
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200-300ml
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When pressure receptors in bladder detect stretch, AP's are sent where?
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To the spinal cord and then to the brain.
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Signals to the brain tell the urethral sphincter to ________.
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Relax
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What part of the brain makes the conscious decsion to void?
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The cerebral cortex.
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What part of the brain makes the unconscious decision to urinate?
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The pons and medulla.
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How does urine exit the body?
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It is squeezed out by muscles of the bladder and abdomen.
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What kinds of things can cause urine retention?
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Obstruction, tumor, stone, nerve damage or psychological stress.
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Where is the drinking center located?
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In the hypothalamus.
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What two things regulate aldosterone secretion?
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Renin and angiotensin.
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Renin is an enzyme from the kidney that activates the liver protein called ___________.
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Angiotensinogen.
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Renin converts angiotensinogen into _____________.
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Angiotensin I
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Another enzyme converts Angiotnesin I to ______.
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Angiotensin II
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What does angiotensin II stimulate?
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Aldosterone secretion.
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Aldosterone increases Na reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. This leads to?
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Increase in H2O, blood volume and BP.
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When aldosterone is not present, what happens?
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Decrease in water to the urine.
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What stimulates renin secretion?
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A sudden decrease in BP.
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