Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
3 Functions of the Urinary System: ???
|
1. Production of URINE
2. EXCRETION of Waste Products from the Body 3. Regulate ELECTROLYTES, H20 and ACID-BASE Balance |
|
|
How are Kidney's Anchored in Place: ?
|
By:
CT= aka Renal Fascia Adipose= aka Perineal Fat |
|
|
Where are the KIDNEY's Located at?
Below the _____1_____ and behind ______2______ on either side of the spine. |
1. Diaphragm
2. Peritoneum |
|
|
What ENDOCRINE Gland(s) rest UPON the TOP of the Kidneys? ________ Glands
|
Adrenal
|
|
|
How do KIDNEYS maintain an ACID-Base Balance in the Body?
|
1. Excreting excess:
Hydrogen Ions to Keep the Blood pH btw 7.35-7.45 2. Also Form Bicarbonate to Increase the pH of the Blood when it b/c ACIDIC 3. Kidney also helps Maintain BP!! |
|
|
How much Urine does the Kidney form in 24 hours?
|
1000 - 2000 ml
|
|
|
How does the Kidneys Influence the production of RBC circulating in the BODY?
|
If blood flow is low.. it SECRETES a hormone called Erythropoetin.. which signals the BONE MARROW to produce more RBC's
|
|
|
Where is the Hilius of the Kidney?
|
at the NOTCH on the Inner Aspect.. where the URETERS, B.V., and Nerves ENTER and Exit
|
|
|
Where is the Renal Pelvis and What does it Contain?
|
Renal Pelvis aka LARGE Cavity is just beyond the HILIUM.. it contains Calyces, which collect Urine and Drain it into the Ureter.
|
|
|
What is the difference btw the CORTEX and MEDULLA of the Kidney?
|
Cortex is the OUTER LAYER and contains Renal Tubules..
Medulla is the INNER LAYER contain Renal Pyramids |
|
|
Another difference of MEDULLA compared to CORTEX is:
|
Medulla has STRIATED appearance due to it containing BV and Straight Tubules (i.e. Loop of Henle, and collecting tubules)
|
|
|
How long is each of the URETERS?
|
10-12 inches Long
|
|
|
How is BACKFLOW from the BLADDER to the URETERS prevented?
|
The way that the URETERS enter into the POSTERIOR INFERIOR ASPECT of the Bladder.
Flaps of MUCOSA cover the openings of the URETERS int the bladder forming 1 way valves. |
|
|
What is the function of the URETERS?
|
Carry URINE from Kidney to the Bladder.
|
|
|
What is the Function of the Bladder?
|
Pouch providing temporary storage for urine after it leaves the kidneys and before it leaves the body.
An INTERNAL Sphincter keeps Urine Contained until voiding Occurs. |
|
|
How do you know when it is TIME TO PEE?
|
The body signals the BRAIN with the STRETCH Receptors in the wall of the Bladder are Activated and they send a MESSAGE
|
|
|
How much URINE does the Bladder hold?
|
750-1000ml
Generally at 250 the STRETCH Receptors are activated. = urge to pee |
|
|
What gland ONLY in Men surrounds the Urethra?
|
PROSTATE
|
|
|
What 2 sphincters control RELEASE of Urine in both Male and Female?
|
1. External Sphincters
2. Internal Sphinctiers |
|
|
What is difference btw MALE and FEMALE Urethra?
|
FEMALE: 1 1/2 inches long and 1/4 inch in diameter and located at ANT VAG WALL and exits body btw the vagina and clitoris.
MALE: 8 inches in length and goes from bladder to end of Penis. As it exits the bladder it is surrounded by PROSTATE Gland. The portion that connects to the Prostate Gland is called "Prostatic Urethra" Urethral Meatus is at the tip of the Penis. Male urethra forms an exit for semen and urine to leave body. |
|
|
What type of Membranes line the: Kidney Pelvis, Ureters, Bladder, and Urethra?
|
MUCOUS Membrane
|
|
|
Normal Aging Process of Kidney's is:
|
Normal:
Lose some function Lose blood supply This equals less NEPHRONS |
|
|
How does age Affect the Bladder?
|
Bladder:
Loses MUSCLE Tone Surrounding muscles may weaken and making it hard to fully empty bladder. This residual urine is HIGH RISK for Infection |
|
|
What is the FUNCTIONAL Unit of the Kidney where blood is filtered and Urine is made?
|
NEPHRON, a microscopic makeup of kidney.
|
|
|
How many Nephrons are in the Kidney's?
|
1,000,000
|
|
|
What is NEPHRON Made of?
|
1. Renal Capsule (aka Corpuscle)
2. Renal Tubule |
|
|
How does BLOOD enter the Kidney from the BODY?
|
Renal Artery
|
|
|
Where does the AFFERENT Arteriole come from?
|
Smaller of renal artery branches and it enters the NEPHRON
|
|
|
What structure enters the AFFERENT Arteriole?
|
GLOMERULUS
|
|
|
What is a Glomerulus?
|
Cluster of Capillaries surrounded by a thin wall.
|
|
|
What is the GLOMERULUS Held inside?
|
A C- Shaped structure called BOWMAN's Capsule.
|
|
|
What is the role of the GLOMERULUS?
|
Blood enters it and FLUID and TOXINS from the body PASS OUT (EXIT) of the Capillaries into the BOWMAN's Capsule
Via OSMOSIS and FILTRATION |
|
|
After blood enters the Glomerulus into the Bowman's Capsule and is filtered what happens?
|
The FLUID (filtrate) enters the RENAL Tubule
|
|
|
Name 3 Regions of the Renal Tubule?
|
1. Proximal Convuluted Tubule
2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal Convuluted Tubule |
|
|
Where does FILTRATION of H20 and Blood occur?
|
GLOMERULUS of Bowman's Capsule
|
|
|
What is REABSORPTION, where does it occur?
|
Reabsorption of H20, GLUCOSE and Ions are needed and primarily occurs PROXIMAL Convuluted Tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule.
|
|
|
Explain SECRETION in relation to after Filtration, Reabsorption
|
IRON, NITROGENOUS, WASTE and Drugs are secreted primarily in DCT (Distal Convoluted Tubule)
It is a process that is REVERSE of Absorption. |
|
|
In the DISTAL Tubule during Secretion what Substances are not needed to go back into CIRCULATION?
|
Drugs and Nitrogenous Waste
|
|
|
What happens after the Drugs and Nitrogenous Waste leave blood and go to Distal Convoluted Tubule?
|
They enter the FILTRATE to be EXCRETED into URINE
|
|
|
What Does all parts of the NEPHRON Create..?
|
It MAKES URINE
|
|
|
How is URINE SECRETED?
|
1st: Plasma of the blood enters the GLOMERULUS and BOWMAN's Capsule
2nd: It enters PCT (prox conv tub) PCT = 65% of the FILTRATE re-absorbed to BLOOD via the Peritubular Capillaries 3. Waste products of the plama remain in the Tubules 4. Goes to LOOP OF HENLE or LOH where 15% more of Filtrate is RE-ABSORBED 5. Waste porducts remain in tubule as Filtrate passes into DCT and at this POINT any Waste is ACTIVELY Transported into the Filtrate 6. In DCT another 19% of Filtrate is Re-Absorbed into blood 7. 1% of the Filtrate will actually be excreted, along with Waste products from blood, plasma As URINE |
|
|
How does Filtered blood leave the NEPHRON?
|
Once blood has been filtered and waste products and excess H20 removed, it leaves the NEPHRON via the PERITUBULAR Capillaries, that reunite to form the Interlobular Veins.
|
|
|
What makes the INTERLOBULAR VEINS?
|
Joined PERITUBULAR Capillaries create this and allows filtered blood to leave the Nephron.
|
|
|
How does URINE Leave the KIDNEY?
|
By the RENAL PELVIS
|
|
|
How does Urine leave by the Renal Pelvis?
|
It has CALYCES that drain into the Renal Pelvis, where the Urine then passes into the URETERS, draining it away from the kidneys into the bladder.
|
|
|
Know:
RENAL ARTERY RENAL VEIN Inferior Vena Cava Abdominal Aorta Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Prostate Gland |
Know where these are:
Glomerulus Bowman's Capsule PCT DCT LOH Peritubular Capillaries Collecting Tubule Calyx (Renal Pelvis) Afferent Arteriole Efferent Arteriole |
|
|
What 3 Hormones = Decreased Urine Output?
|
1. ADH aka Antidiuretic Hormone
2. Aldosterone 3. Renin |
|
|
What 1 Hormone = Increase Urine Output?
|
1. ATRIOPEPTIN aka:
Atrial Naturiuretic Hormone |
|
|
How does ADH a Hormone that Decreases Urine Output work?
|
1. It is a HORMONE released from PITUITARY Gland in the brain.
2. It is a homeopathic response to sensored loss of fluids ie.. n/v/d and sends a signal to brain which causes pituitary gland to release hormone which signals the kidney to REABSORB more H20 into the DCT. URINE IS more Concentrated b/c less water than normal is leaving ETOH inhibits release of ADH and this is why ETOH can cause significant dehydration from an increased DIURETIC effect. |
|
|
How does ALDOSTERONE a hormone that Decreases Urine Output work?
|
Aldosterone is released from ADRENAL GLANDS.
It causes Na absorption to INCREASE via the Renal Tubules B/c water follows salt.. it causes increased Na and H20 to be re-absorbed. It has the same effect as the ADH. Urine is more concentrated. |
|
|
How is the hormone RENIN used to decrease Urine Output?
|
This is a ENZYME, and essential to the production of Angiotensin II
The JUXTAGLOMERULAR Cells release it when BP or/and Na is low. |
|
|
How does ANGIOTENSIN II help in decreasing Urine Output?
|
It needs Renin to be made.
It is initiated when BP/Na is low. It is A POTENT VASOCONSTRICTOR When released it increased BP, due to vasoconstriction and Na/H20 reabsorption. |
