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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oliguria |
decreasesed production of urine |
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Polyuria |
increased production of urine |
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Pollakiuria |
extraordinary daytime urinary frequency |
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Anuria |
the absence of urine |
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Dysuria |
discomfort, pain, or burning when urinating |
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HEMATURIA
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presence of intact rbc's |
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samples obtanied via cysto are______ |
sterile |
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cysto samples are the best for_______testing |
sensitivity and culture testing |
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when should you analyze urine |
30min -1hr after collection, if not will get artifacts and degeneration |
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how long can you refrigerate urine |
6-12hrs. |
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what forms when urine cools |
crystals |
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what should you do before the analysis on refrigerated urine |
warm to room temp before analysis |
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changes that occur in non-refigerated urine |
•Decreasedglucose and bilirubin concentrations
•IncreasedpH •Breakdownof RBCs and casts •Bacteriagrowth increases |
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how can you preserve urine |
adding 1 drop of 40% formalin in 1oz of urine |
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when is the best sample collected |
in the morning because its more concentrated |
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physical properties of urine |
volume color odor transparency specific gravity |
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factors involved in the volume of a patient's urine |
Fluid intake, external losses, temperature and humidity, amount and type of food, activity level, size of animal and species
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polyuria is often accompanied by_____ |
polydipsia |
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conditions that cause pu/pd |
•Nephritis
•Diabetesmellitus •Diabetesinsipidus •Pyometra •Liverdisease •Incertain medications –Diuretics –Corticosteroids –Fluids |
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a feature in urine from oliguria patients |
–HighSG
–Veryconcentrated |
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causes of oliguria |
–Restrictedwater access
–Environmentaltemperature increases –Acutenephritis –Fever –Shock –Heartdisease –Dehydration |
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why does anuria occur |
–Urethralobstruction –Urinarybladder rupture –Renalshutdown
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normal urine color |
light yellow to amber |
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Diffrence between darker and lighter urine |
•Darkeryellow = more concentrated urine
–Higherspecific gravity •Lightercolor = less concentrated –Lowerspecific gravity |
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yellow-brown or green color urine |
contains bile pigments |
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red/brownish urine |
presence of rbc's (hematuria) or hemoglobin (hemoglobinuria) |
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urine is usually transperant except in what 2 species |
horses and rabbits because of high concentration of calcium carbonate crystals and mucus |
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what might make urine more turbid |
–Rbc’s, wbc’s,epi’s, mucus, fat , bacteria, crystals
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what causes a high ammonia smell in urine |
CYSTITIS= bacteria that produce urease metabolize urea to ammonia ex. a sample left standing for too long |
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what casues a fruity smell |
KETONES= diabetes ketosis in cows pregnancy in ewes |
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normal SpG values of dogs and cats |
DOGS= 1.025 CATS= 1.030 |
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Increased specific gravity |
Decreased water intake with normal renal function
Fluid loss through sweating, panting, diarrheaIncreased excretion of urine solutes Acute renal failure, dehydration, and shock |
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Decrease in specific gravity |
-Kidneys cannot absorb water
-Pyometra, diabetes insipidus, psychogenic polydipsia, liver diseases, renal disease, diuretics |
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ISOSTHENURIA |
when the urine SG approches that of glomerular filtrate(1.008 and 1.012) ex. chronic renal disease |
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hyposthenuria |
the secretion of urine of low specific gravity due to inability of the kidney to concentrate the urine normally
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what may decrease pH |
fever starvation excessive muscular activity certain drugs |
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what might increase pH |
UTI with urease bacteria certain drugs urine retention |
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where is protein reabsorbed |
TUBULES |
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4 ways to measure protein |
–Reagentstrips
–Sulfosalicylicacid turbidity test –Urineprotein/creatinine ratio - microalbuminuria |
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ketones are formed during________ |
during incomplete catabolism of fatty acids
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Interpretation of Protein in Urine
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•Verydilute urine may lead to a false negative result
–Proteinlevel may be below sensitivity –Atrace amount of protein in a dilute sample may be clinically significant* •Chronicrenal failure –Usuallyindicative of a disease of the urinary tract, especially kidneys •Acuteand chronic |
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glucose in the urine indicates_________ |
diabetes |
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false positives of glucose causes |
–VitaminC
–Morphine –Aspirin –Cephalosporins –Penicillin |
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Hemoglobinuria |
hemoglobin in the urine |
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Myoglobinuria |
myoglobin in the urine |
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hematuria is usually a sign of? |
bleedingsomewhere in the urogenital tract
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Leukocytes |
•Reagenttest strips–Presumptiveevidence –False-negativespossible especially in cats –Necessary to examine microscopically
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what is in horse and rabbit urine |
calcium carbonate |
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centrifuge urine at _________ for _________min |
1000-2000rpm for 3-5min |
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Bilirubinuria
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•bileduct obstruction, hemolytic anemia, and liver disease
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Constituents of Urine Sediment
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Normal may have a few casts, crystals, epithelial cells, RBCs and WBCs, mucus threads and sperm (males), and fat droplets
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Abnormal Constituents of Urine Sediment
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More then a few RBCs and WBCs, hyperplastic or neoplastic epithelial cells, casts, crystals, parasite ova, bacteria, and yeast
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Pyuria
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excessive WBCs in the urine
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