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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Routine Urinalysis?
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A simple urine test to detect any abnormalities
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Why is a urinalysis important? |
> It's an important diagnostic aid & a measure of the effectiveness of certain Rxs.
> can help confirm or rule out suspected diagnosis or disease >to evaluate their health status >An unsuspected diagnosis can be revealed without any underlying symptoms. eg. kidney disease. > |
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What is used to test urine for a Urine analysis? |
Chemical reagent dipsticks are used to test urine.
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Urinalysis provides information about: |
The condition & function of the urinary system.
The presence of pathogenic micro-organisms in the urinary tract or urine. The presence of nutrient materials that are normally metabolised, but may have been excreted in urine. e.g. glucose. The presence of systemic disease not related to disorders of the urinary system. Measures the effectiveness of certain Rxs. |
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Characteristics of urine: Normal Colous- |
clear amber straw, yellow colour
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Characteristics of urine:
Normal Odour- |
characteristic aroma & inoffensive
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Characteristics of urine:
Normal Reaction pH: |
usually acidic
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Characteristics of urine:
Normal Constituents- |
96% H2O, 2% urea & 2% mineral salts
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Characteristics of urine:
Normal Clarity: |
generally clear & free from sediments
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Observations of urine Amount-
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is measured & varies with input
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Observations of urine Colour
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urine is dark,
dilute-very pale. Some meds can colour it red, bright yellow-green. In hepatitis urine may be orange. |
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Observations of urine Odour
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if urine is left standing it has an ammonia-like odour;
UTI may be “fishy”, diabetes a fruity odour. |
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Observations of urine pH:
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pH 4.5-8 normal;
8> alkaline-UTI, 4.5< acidic-high protein diet, dehydration |
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Observations of urine Sediment/cloudiness:
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pus from UTI
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Observations of urine Specific gravity
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is the measure of the concentration of particles in urine & reflects the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine; it helps assess hydration state.
Normal 1010-1030. |
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If pH is 8> its could indicate |
alkaline-UTI |
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If pH is 4.5< its could indicate
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acidic-high protein diet, dehydration
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Specific gravity Normal range-
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Normal 1010-1030.
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If Specific gravity is 1035 it indicates |
dehydration.
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If Specific gravity is 1005 it indicates |
high fluid input
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Guidelines for urinalysis
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Reading urine results from the dipstick is time specific. Do not transfer dipsticks from one bottle to another & check expiratory dates. Urine shown to be free from abnormalities, document as: NAD, no abnormalities detected. Urinalysis should carried out as soon as obtained- chemical changes when urine is left standing can affect test results-30mins Urine must be free contamination. |
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Reporting results
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The report of the test should include the pH & specific gravity of urine.
E.g. pH 5, SG 1020, NAD- Normal urinalysis. E.g. pH 7, SG 1025, blood ++, protein + If blood in urine, ensure documentation includes menstrual, if applicable or macroscopic blood. If abnormalities are detected do not discard specimen till results have been reported and save specimen. |
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Midstream urine collection are done when:
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a UTI suspected or positive results show up on dipstick.
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Signs & Symptoms of a UTI:
General- |
febrile,
malaise, nausea, vomiting, pelvic/abdo discomfort, confusion esp. elderly |
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Signs & Symptoms of a UTI:
Urinary- |
offensive smelly urine (fishy),
frequency, haematuria-micro/macro, urgency, burning, or incontinence, especially if not usually incontient. |
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Bilirubinuria:
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•bile in urine.
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bile in urine. |
Bilirubinuria
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Ketonuria |
ketones in urine |
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ketones in urine |
Ketonuria |
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Calculi |
kidney stones |
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kidney stones |
Calculi |
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Glycosuria |
glucose in urine
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glucose in urine
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Glycosuria
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Proteinuria
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protein in urine may be from kidney disease, UTI, toxaemia in pregnancy.
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protein in urine may be from kidney disease, UTI, toxaemia in pregnancy.
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Proteinuria
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Heamaturia:
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blood in urine, microscopic or macroscopic.
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blood in urine, microscopic or macroscopic.
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Heamaturia
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Pyuria
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pus in urine
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pus in urine
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Pyuria
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