Urinalysis

Front 1

Average amount of urine formation a day

Back 1

Filtering 170,000mL of filtered plasma to form:

1200mL = 5 cups 'o pee pee

Front 2

Urine composition:

Back 2

95% water

5% solutes

Front 3

1/2 dissolved solids in urine consists of____________ which is from the breakdown of amino acids

Back 3

urea

Front 4

Major organic substances in pee:

Back 4

Major: creatinine, uric acid

minor: hippuric aid

Front 5

major inorganic substances

Back 5

Chloride

sodium

potassium

Front 6

urine volume that is varied due to the secreition of ADH (give ex of disease)

Back 6

diabtetes insipidus

Front 7

Define:

Oliguria

anuria

nocturia

polyuria

Back 7

oliguria: decreased pee

anuria: no more pee

nocturia: pee at night

polyuria: increased pee

Front 8

•Causedby a defect in the pancreatic production of insulin or a defect in the functionof insulin

Back 8

Diabetes mellitus

Front 9

What is the effect of Diabetes mellitus on blood glucose concentration?

Back 9

increases it

Front 10

polydipsia is associated with which disease

Back 10

diabetes mellitus

Front 11

the increase of glucose in the pee in diabetes mellitus has what effect on the specific gravity?

Back 11

increases it

Front 12

This disease is causedby a decrease in ADH production or a renal tubule dysfunction (inability torespond)

Back 12

Diabetes insipidus

Front 13

what is the relative specific gravity of urine from someone with:

1. diabetes mellitus: high

2. diabetes insipidus: low

Back 13

1. diabetes mellitus: high (inc glucose)

2. diabetes insipidus: low (diluted, no more ADH)

Front 14

Pee containers should be able to collect a minimum of how much pee?

Back 14

50mL

Front 15

How soon after collection should urinesbe tested?

Back 15

2 hours!

if not, it must be refrigerated, put on ice or have chemical preservatives added

Front 16

PROS/CONS of refrigeration

Back 16

Pro: decreases bacterial growth

Con: cancause precipitation of amorphous materials- obscures microscopic sediment

Front 17

Changes in unpreserved urine:

Color:

Clarity:

Odor:

pH:

Glucose:

Ketones:

Bilirubin:

Urobilinogen

Nitrite:

RBC/WBC/casts:

Bacteria:

Back 17

Changes in unpreserved urine:

Color: dark

Clarity: dec

Odor: inc

pH: increased

Glucose: dec

Ketones: dec

Bilirubin: dec

Urobilinogen: dec

Nitrite: inc

RBC/WBC/casts: dec

Bacteria: inc

Front 18

2 hour post prandial specimen is used to monitor _____________ therapy in pts with what

Back 18

insulting therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus

Front 19

•Usefulto determine the patient’s ability to metabolize a measured amount of ingestedglucose. The urine results arecorrelated with the blood glucose levels (associated with renal threshold forglucose)

Back 19

Glucose tolerancespecimens

Front 20

Pre-diabetes: 110-125

Back 20

pre=diabetes: 140-199

Front 21

Urinetemperature is take with in 4 min of collection time:

Back 21

32.5°C– 37.5°C

Front 22

Bloodpasses through the kidneys at a rate of

Back 22

•~1200ml/minor 600ml/min/kidney

Front 23

Back 23

glomerulus (coil of 8 capillary lobes, non-selective filter of plasma) inside th Bowman's capsule

Front 24

Beginning of the renal tubule:

Back 24

Bowman's capsule/space

Front 25

•Re-adsorptionof essential substances occurs in the

Back 25

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 26

•Finaladjustment of the urinary composition occurs in the

Back 26

distal convoluted tubule

Front 27

place where •themajor exchanges of water and salts take place

Back 27

loop of henle

Front 28

•Nowater reabsorption in __________________ because it is impermeable to water

Back 28

ascending loop of henle

Front 29

how big is the filter on the glomerulus

Back 29

70,000 MW very permeable to h20

Front 30

•Threecell layers of glomerulus

Back 30

1.Capillary wall membrane = squamousepithelium•Containpores = fenestrated•Permeability

2.Basement membrane

3.Visceral epithelium•Podocytes•Filtrationslit•“Shieldof Negativity” (cations andneutral pass thru) repels anion plasma proteins

Front 31

•Maculadensasenses changes in filtrate volume and and Na+ levelsSignalsjuxtaglomerular cells to release ____________

Back 31

renin

Front 32

•AldosteroneSecretedby

leads to

Back 32

•adrenalcomplex

leads to •Reabsorptionof Na+, H2O•Promotesexcretion of K+ and H+•Bloodvolume and blood pressure ↑

Front 33

•Antidiuretichormone, ADH, VassopressinMadeby

Back 33

•Madeby hypothalamus, stored in pituitary

•↑Waterretention by ↑water permeability of distal tubules•Constrictblood vessels = ↑BP

Front 34

SpecificGravity post glomerulus

Back 34

•1.010= ultrafiltrate ofplasma

Front 35

define •Passivetransport

example of three things passively transported in the tubules

Back 35

Movementdue to concentration gradient or electrical potential across a membrane = gradients

H2O =reabsorption everywhere but ascending loop of Henle•Urea = convoluted tubule & ascending loopof henle•Na+ = passive transport during activetransport of Cl-

Front 36

•Themaximum reabsorptionabilityfor a solute in the filtrate by the renal tubules

Back 36

•MaximalReabsorptiveCapacity (Tm)

Front 37

define •RenalThreshold

Back 37

•Theplasma concentration at which active transport stops

Front 38

Hydration= ↓ADH = ↑urine volume (less concentrated/more dilute)Dehydration= ↑ADH =↓urine volume (more concentrated/less dilute)

Back 38

Hydration= ↓ADH = ↑urine volume (less concentrated/more dilute)Dehydration= ↑ADH =↓urine volume (more concentrated/less dilute)

Front 39

Whats the diff between tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

Back 39

Tubularreabsorption: substances removed from filtrate (urine) and returned to blood

Tubular Secretion:substances move from blood (peritubular capillaries) to the tubular filtrate(urine)

Front 40

Normalblood pH

Back 40

•7.35-7.45

Front 41

pH ofurine

Back 41

1.pH ofurine may range from 4.6 - 8.0, avg6.0

Front 42

•Glomerularfiltration tests (3)

Back 42

•InulinClearance

•CreatinineClearance

•CalculatedGlomerular filtration

Front 43

•Tubularreabsorption tests (2)

Back 43

•Osmolarity

•Freewater clearance