Uri - Bio 101 - Chapter 1

Front 1

Theory

Back 1

An explanation of a for a very general class of phenomena or observations.

Front 2

Hypothesis

Back 2

A proposed explanation.

Front 3

Prediction

Back 3

Something that must be measured and that must be correct if a hypothesis is valid.

Front 4

Cell Theory

Back 4

All organisms are made of cells, and cells come from preexisting cells.

Front 5

Organism

Back 5

A living entity made up of one or more cells.

Front 6

Cell Theory

Back 6

All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

Front 7

Theory of Evolution

Back 7

The theory that through means of natural selection, species change through time because individuals with certain heritable traits produce more offspring than other individuals do.

Front 8

Phylogenic Tree

Back 8

A graphical representation of the evolutionary relationship between species.

Front 9

Theory

Back 9

An explanation for a very general class of phenomena or observations.

Front 10

What does it mean for something to be alive?

Back 10

1. Energy
2. Cells
3. Information
4. Replication
5. Evolution

Front 11

Robert Hook

Back 11

1665: Invented a crude microscope to examine the structure of a cork and discovered pore-like compartments which were later defined cells.

Front 12

Cell

Back 12

A highly organized compartment that is bounded by a thin, flexible structure called a plasma membrane and that contains concentrated chemicals in an aqueous solution.

Front 13

Hypothesis

Back 13

A proposed explanation.

Front 14

What are the smallest known organisms?

Back 14

Bacteria (80 nanometers wide)

Front 15

Aqueous

Back 15

Of "watery" (water-like) consistency.

Front 16

Most scientific theories have _____ parts.

Back 16

2

Front 17

The first part of most scientific theories describe...

Back 17

A pattern in the natural world.

Front 18

The second part of most scientific theories describe...

Back 18

A mechanism or process that is responsible for creating the pattern.

Front 19

Rudolph Virchow

Back 19

1858: Added the process component (the second part) to the theory stating that all cells rise from preexisting cells.

Front 20

Spontaneous Generation

Back 20

The belief preceding the Cell Theory that suggested organisms arise spontaneously under certain conditions.

Front 21

Louis Pasteur

Back 21

Performed a controlled experiment to test if microorganisms would spontaneously generate on their own in a nutrient broth or if they would only appear if exposed to a source of preexisting cells.

Front 22

Charles Darwin

Back 22

Published the book "Origin of Species" and fathered the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Front 23

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Back 23

The theory that species are related by common ancestry and that the characteristics of species can be modified from generation to generation.

Front 24

Evolution

Back 24

A change in the characteristics of a population over time.

Front 25

Heritable

Back 25

Able to be passed on from parent to offspring.

Front 26

Population

Back 26

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time.

Front 27

Artificial Selection

Back 27

Changes that occur when humans select certain individuals to produce the most offspring.

Front 28

Fitness

Back 28

The ability of an individual to produce offspring.

Front 29

Adaptation

Back 29

A trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment.

Front 30

The cell theory and theory of evolution provided two unifying ideas:

Back 30

1. The cell is the fundamental structural unit in all organisms.

2. All species are related by common ancestry and have changed over time in response to natural selection.

Front 31

Natural Selection

Back 31

When heritable variations in certain traits leads to improved success in reproduction.

Front 32

Speciation

Back 32

When natural selection has caused populations of one species to diverge and form new species.

Front 33

Speciation has two important implications (rules):

Back 33

1. All species come from preexisting species.

2. All species, past and present, trace their ancestry back to a single common ancestor.

Front 34

Tree of Life

Back 34

The family tree of all organisms.

Front 35

Phylogeny

Back 35

The genealogical relationship between species.

Front 36

Carl Woese

Back 36

Alongside colleagues, analyzed the chemical components of organisms as a way to understand their evolutionary relationship.

Front 37

rRNA

Back 37

Ribosomal Ribonucleic Acid. A large and complex molecule with a simple structure consisting of four smaller chemical components called ribonucleotides.

Front 38

Woese and colleagues studied _____, which is found in all organisms and could tell them how closely or distantly related species were.

Back 38

rRNA

Front 39

Ribonucleotides

Back 39

Five possible small chemical components of molectules known as Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine, and Uracil.

Front 40

The three fundamental groups of "life" are:

Back 40

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Front 41

The 9 Taxonomic Ranks are:

Back 41

1. Life
2. Domain
3. Kingdom
4. Phylum
5. Class
6. Order
7. Family
8. Genus
9. Species

Front 42

Eukaryotes

Back 42

Cells that have a prominent component called the nucleus.

Front 43

Prokaryotes

Back 43

Cells that lack a nucleus.

Front 44

The majority of bacteria and archaea are _____.

Back 44

Unicellular

Front 45

Many eukaryotes are _____.

Back 45

Multicellular

Front 46

Taxonomy

Back 46

The effort to name and classify organisms.

Front 47

Taxon

Back 47

Any named group.

Front 48

Phylum

Back 48

Major lineages within domains.

Front 49

Genus

Back 49

Closely related groups of species.

Front 50

Null Hypothesis

Back 50

The hypothesis constructed in correction of a failed hypothesis.