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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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urbanization
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-spatial org, human migrations, social org
- low density/rual -> high density/urban - feudalism -> capitalism - community -> society - life feels more like business than a personal connection to people |
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urbanism
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way of life: the experience, social relations, way of life in cities
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centralization
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-industrial shift -> people flock to centers for work = "urban downtown"
- city as a consumption center - gives rise to opportunity, cultural niches/diversity, poverty and overcrowding -walking city (1815-1920) -hub and spokes |
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decentralization
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- suburbanization after 1815
- mass transit, auto culture |
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hub and spokes pattern
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-people move in all directions that connect them to the urban center
- accelerated by mass transit |
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gisellschaft
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-society: difference between natives and strangers is irrelevant
-Wealth is only effective and original differentiating characteristic; corresponds to the degree of freedom possessed -Residuals of family life acquire accidental character -People are attracted to outside things (like business) and separate from each other |
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gemeinschaft
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- community
-exterior forms of life = house, village and town; both have characteristics of family (village more, town less)town develops into city all characteristics almost entirely lost |
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natural areas
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-admin areas usually ignore natural areas
- relate to populist model - provide boundaries to movement; so they're fixed, but unplanned |
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human ecology
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-relationships between spatial parts
- how does population growth and competition over territory work in process of invasion/succession - how did areas become institutionalized as cultural niches with certain types identities -in ecological process one doesn't just disappear, it relocates |
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social darwinism
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- competition, survival of the fittest
- at the center of competitive cooperation, web of life, sifting/sorting of population, invasion/succession - places get high land values because of competition for them because they're limited - every individual (every species) finds their niche |
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de jure segregation
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-legalized, lawful segregation
- ie Jim crow laws, "sep but equal" - legally ended with Civil Rights act of 1964 |
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de facto segregation
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- by fact; still exists by fact rather than as a matter of law
- social policies => institution for de facto seg |
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culture of poverty
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- by Oscar Lewis: pathology comes from intergenerational transmission of destructive values and behaviors among individuals within fams, communities
- as cultural reproduction - blames the victim - result of HOLC, FHA |
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contact hypothesis
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- opposite of containment hypothesis
- people are not limited to one trajectory (by their upbringing), but have many possibilities - college is the best example of how coming into contact with different things increases opportunities, exposure - by Robert Park |
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mass culture
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- culture involves the ideological domination of the masses by large corporations
- strengths: corporations spend much money in order to market product/specific ways of life - weaknesses: assumes products have a basic meaning attached to them, which people absorb (meaning follows lens of producer) |
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privatopia
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- private housing developments, administered by homeowner's association
- LA known for it - ex: Bel Air, CA: largest gated community in the world -edge city in residential form, private housing devels based in common-interest developments (CIDs) and administered by homeowner associations |
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immigration gateway cities
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-known for acceptance of immigrants
- majority of the population is either 1st or 2nd generation immigrant - NY and LA are examples - looking at percent immigrants doesn't fully account for "uncountable populations" - differences in makeup depend on history of immigration - who's coming there, why -subset of world city -Command centers in cross-border movement of capital and labor, process flow of commodities and cultural products |
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enclave capitalism
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- institutional completeness and ethnic solidarity
- members of ethnic group have business experience/information - form cooperative business associations - create sources of capital: informal sources of credit, intra-ethnic support system - availability of labor: opportunities for barter = low wage labor for entrepreneurial independence later on - trainers invest in the new businesses - ex: Korean tourist T-shirts all down LA boardwalk (2 miles) - leads to entrepreneurial mobility (small business, expand outward) and intergenerational mobility(assimilation - access to education, new career paths) - bypass conventional assimilation - faced with outside hostility -dependent on resources made available by the solidarity of the ethnic community |
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social reproduction
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- transmission of the conditions themselves; the processes and conditions that sustain social structure over time
- constraints impinge on daily life, limit opportunities, same social conditions produced across generations - top down and ground up - describes unmeltable ethnics - limits on integration => labor market exclusion, legal vulenrabilities, spatial isolation and dislocation - contrasted to immigrant upward mobility |
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cultural reproduction
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-culture of a group of people in a given place is passes down between generations
- kids in poor families more likely to be poor because they learn to adopt values/lifestyles of their parents/communities - blames the victims/families - associated with idea of welfare teaching low motivation, derogatory terms about welfare recipients - get out by "boot straps theory": all about motivation (high v. low) |
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school to prison pipeline
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- has to do with"deadly symbiosis" by Wacquant (one of Wilson's best students)
- the ghetto and prison have meshed - since 1989 African American from low income neighborhoods = majority of prison inmates - as of 1999 1 of 21 Af Amer men in some form of lockdown - institutions of the ghetto (eg schools) have become more like prisons, while prisons themselves more like ghettos - kids mess up a few times ie wear a hat to school and get suspended, sent to juvie, sent to jail |
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deindustrialization
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- of industrial plants after 1950
- movement away from Taylorist economy (skilled labor, standardization of tasks, efficiency pay) - movement toward flexible (more careers), high-skilled economies - less unionized, skilled labor and more unskilled, part-time service work (requires mult jobs to pay bills) - higher unemployment rates and increased labor pool = competition for low paying jobs = lower wages (supply and demand) - leads to formation of ghetto - all economic factors, not racial! - Obama video: went to help Chicago after devastation of steel plants on the South side - Wilson and Wacquant: steep and accelerating rise in labor market exclusion |
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ghettos
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-Wirth: the origin of the ghetto = grietto: name of canon factory in Venice, Italy near "Jewish Quarter"; term's historical meaning is not social separation, meaning changed over time
- wirth's definition: a medieval Europ. urban inst. by means of which Jews were segregated from the rest of the population - characteristics: prolonged case of social isolation, adjustment to a dissenting way of life of the larger population: view that opposes/resists mainstream population - outside/inside formation: hostility beyond boundaries/life and culture within boundaries - comfort -> formation of institutions/ways of life - causal chain of the black ghetto: legal process, political, private industry (banks, etc), demographic redistribution (white flight), de jure and de facto seg -HOLC and FHA = ghetto enablers - can serve as an enclave: race relations cycle (Park) = isolation -> competition/conflict -> accomodation/adjustment (-> possibility of assimilation) |
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edge cities
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-Garreau: substantial leasable office space and retail space (business centered), more jobs than bedrooms, perceived by populations as a unitary place, have appeared in the last 30 years
-common to LA (privatopia = residential edge city) -represent the crucible of America’s urban future; politics not yet est there – shadow government |
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interstate highway act
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- 1956
- plans for linkage through massive highway system - US = love of the open road - major federal subsidies for highways -> largest highway system in the world, interstates passing through urban downtowns - process of eminent domain: could take over private prop for the benefit of the "public good" (ie highways) - cut through people with less resources, wealth, influence, means for organization - resistance: ie Lower Manhattan Expressway battle fought against Robert Moses - compare to London: highways go nowhere; so much opposition that spokes were never connected to hub |
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federal housing authority (FHA)
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-started in 1934 and supplemented in 1944 by the GI bill (servicemen's readjustment act): government helps them purchase a house
- central aim: make housing more affordable to average families; families purchased homes in suburbs at a lesser monthly rate (mortage) than for smaller spaces in the city - outcomes: favored suburban devel and often refused inner city loans, facilitated "white flight" to suburbs, enabled disinvestment in the inner city by halting industry -> reinforcing process, enabled industrial abandonment of inner cities (ex: only white-collar insurance jobs left in Hartford) - different goal than almost everywhere else in the world, where they had money go to strengthening the urban core |
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home owner's loan corporation (HOLC)
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-goal: a uniform method to appraise value of houses in neighborhoods and determine who receives loans
- divided cities into neighborhoods and studied occupation, income, ethnicity, types of housing, price range demand, state of repair - went to every city - HOLC official appraisal: if areas have black residents, they will decline in value (de facto segregation) => redlining |
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redlining
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- began with HOLC: made colored maps: Grade A = green, B= blue, C= yellow (risky), D= red (worst, do NOT give money - likely high concentration of foreign born/Af Amer residents)
- redlining: explicitly target neighborhoods to not give resources, keep them in poverty as a result - black neighborhoods = automatically grade D - diffused down into the hands of private bank lenders and FHA |
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smart growth/new urbanism
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-growth without sprawl: introduce more choices for home and transport, save magnificent open spaces
- new designs to neighborhoods: porches, tree-lined walkways, garages in back, garages in back |
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sprawl
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- national builders bring same designs everywhere
- sea of rooftops, any open space taken over with same houses - everyone spends on average 4 years in their car = isolation - consequences: air pollution, downtowns and older suburbs left behind, inner cities fall apart, getting around metropolitan area long and hard - originated in promised convenience after depression and WWII |
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Chicago School
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-modern/rational
-center/hub-spokes - suburban growth out of dense center - change: ecological (invasion/succession) |
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LA School
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-post-modern/fragmented
- periphery/crisscrossing - end of "suburbia", rise of "urbia" (dense everywhere) - change: global and political |
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culture of civic design
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-methods and skills used to create a sense of place (connection, emotional attachment, understanding or interpretation - determined by rhythms, language, patterns of spatial life)
- belief that planners have the ability to "define" space - participation in public life -Jackson: says drive in culture eliminated sidewalk and front yard; loneliest place = suburban street on a hot afternoon - video: commercials for towns and how the people are there - suburbs described as lacking civic design: no meeting places, no center - everywhere looks the same, no one thinks twice about moving from town to town; destroyed distinction between town and country |
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top down vs ground up
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top down = administrative areas, mass society model; LA school:look at bigger picture, not individual
ground up = natural areas, populist model; Chicago school: look at individual |
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populist model model
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-opposite mass society
- culture if defined by meaning (NOT power) which is shaped by associations and shared experience - political organizations (PTA, neighborhood watch, etc), sports and family life, "ways of life" - sprawl part of it - last fifty years of suburbanization -> decline in city |
