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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The economic approach to human behavior
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Fundamental assumption: people are rational decision-makers
People try to maximize their satisfaction, given the canstraints that they face Activities have both benefits and costs The economic approach based on marginal reasoning |
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What causes crime?
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Sociologist: Bad families, bad peer influence
Psychologist: some people are born criminals Ethical philipsopher: decrease in morality Economist: crime is an incentive problem |
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Government expenditures
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Govt purchses of good and services
Govt transfer payments Cash assistance (social sercity, unemployment) In-kind Assistance (Public housing) |
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The Development of the American Welfare State
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1) The Income Tax-1913
2) Worker's Compensation Laws-1920's 3)New Deal Legisiation-1930s Social Security (1935) Unemployment Insurance (1935) National Labor Relations Act Fair Labor Standards Act- minimum wage law and over time pay Increased Regulation of the economy by the federal govt Welfare Programs Public Housing-1937 4)Federal Disability Insurance-1954 5) Lyndon Johnson's Great Society Program Medicare and Medicaid Food stamp Program |
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Federal Government Taxes
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Federal Income tax-progressive
Payroll tax (FICA)- 7.65% |
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Capitalism
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Private ownership
Makets coordinate economic activity |
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Socialist Centrally Planned Economy
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Govt. ownership
Govt. planns the economy |
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Captalist Welfare
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Govt ownership of key industries
Expanded govt regulation of the economy Exponded govt spending on programs to provide economic security and to lessen poverty |
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Urbanization During Industrial Revolution
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From about 3,000 b.c. to 1800 AD, urbanization limited by 3 factors:
1) Low productivity in agriculture 2) High Transport Costs 3) Small economics of centerlized production Urbanization is the spatical manifestation of the industrial revolution |
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Demographic transition
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1) Before industrialization, high birth rates and high death rates, so stable population
2) As indsutrialization proceeds, birth rates remain high but death rates fall sharply. |
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Strong economic forces lead to the geographic concentration of the population
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Rule-to-urban migration is caused by two basic economic factors:
1) Push factor: falling farm prices and incomes, causes farm supply to out pace demand for farm products then prices fall 2) Pull factor: rising urban wages relative to farm wages |
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Why do cities Emerge?
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Cities emerge when centralized production becomes more efficient than production by self sufficient households spread out across the land.
Cost of good to a consumer =cost of production at some centeral location + transport costs Because of steam boats and railroads prices of transport fell |
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U.S. Cities Population
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New York= 18 million
Chicago= 8 million L.A.= 14 million |
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French Settlements
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-Founded trade centers along major waterways.
-Along Great Lakes-Detroit -Down Mississippi- New Orlends, St. Louis |
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Dutch Settlements
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-Established a trading center in 1625 called new Amsterdam.
-New York City |
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British Settlements
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-Establised cities along the atlantic coast.
-Boston (1630) -Newport, Rhode Island (1639) -New York (1664) - Best Natural harbor in N. America |
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Influence of transport costs on location
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-First major cities in N. America were seaports
-Steamboats-able to go back up a river and cities developed along rivers -Erie Canal (1825)- opened up great lakes to transport goods -Railroads- connected all parts of the country -Chicago became the dominant city in the midwest |
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Transport costs depend upon
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-Availability of transport technology.
-Various Production technologies e.g. steel requires coal -Transport cost of coal equals transport cost of a ton of coal X -Number of tons of coal needed to produce a ton of steel |
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U.S. city land growth around 1885
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-Until about 1860 radius of city was 3 miles or less
-Workers had to live close to work and had to walk -Cities were very dense 1) After 1860, horse-drawn street car (trolley) 2) Electric street car -1st electric street car in Cleveland (1884) -By 1890, 20% of U.S. -Trolley lines were electrified -By 1900 30,000 miles -Dramtic fall in the population density of a city -4 cities with subways -Boston -NYC -Philly -Chicago |
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Until 1850s American Cities
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1) Very compact and Dense
2) Mixture of land uses 3) Two to 4 story structures 4) Buildings had shops and work places on first floor, people lived above 5)Streets were very congested |
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Decentralizing Forces
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-The Street Car
-Economic Growth and rise in household income 1) Single-family housing 2) Cars |
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Stages of U.S. Urban spatial expansion: the link to urban transportant modes
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-Walking city (1820-1850)
-The electric street car era (1885-1920) -Era of the internal combustion engine (after 1920) -Use of trucks within cities (1920-1945) -Explosive Growth of autos within cities (1945 to present) |
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Communications Technologies
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-The telephone
-Fax, e-mail, the internet -The building of urban freeways |
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Demographic forces behind metropolitan Growth
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-The baby boom
-Increasing immigration -Increasing ruial-urban migration 1) Decline in farm employment 2) Black migration to northern cities -Until the late 1940s central area of cities dominated their respective metropolitan region |
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The Suburbanization of Income
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1) Poor people attracted to central city locations
2) Middle and upper income households attracted to suburbs -New suburban housing -Fleeing central city problems -Middle and upper income groups demand good public services -Fleeing high central city taxes -Suburban zoning |
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Race and Residence 1910-1970
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Since 1950, the older cities of Northeast and North Central Regions of the U.S. have come to have a large black population
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Regional Trends 1970-present
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-Population movement to the south and west-the "sunbelt"
Reasons for shift -Lower wages -Lower taxes and less regulation of business -Lower housing costs due to climate, lower construction wages, and less land use regulations |