Urban Planning Final

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Critiques of New Urbanism

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- different form of suburbia rather than overcoming metropolitan social segregation
- emphasis on community disregards the "darker side" of communitarianism
- promotes urbanism overnight

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New urbanism

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-effort to overcome the environmentally destructive suburban sprawl
- attempts to ensure a better quality of life
- increases density of neighborhood with mixed use buildings, a focused center, and a well-defined edge

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Charter of New Urbanism

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-Congress for new urbanism formed in 1993
- views disinvestment in central cities, sprawl, racial income separation as a community building problem

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Transect

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- defines a series of zones that transition from sparse rural farmhouses to the dense urban core
- urban planning model created by new urbanist andres duany

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TND

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- promotes mixed land uses and nearby location of residential buildings with store, neighorhood schools,
- trips are in walking distance, kids ride bikes, and used public transit stops at the core of developments

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Duany Plater-Zyberk, Speck - How to make a town

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DPZ = miami based architecture and town planning firm
- dominant firm in New urbanism movement
-designed over 300 communities

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Seaside

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- one of the first cities in america to utilize New urbanism
-create an atmosphere that people enjoyed being social in

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Kentlands

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- first attempts to develop a community useing TND principles
- began in 1988, contains riginal kentlands farm, residences, a downtown, open space, and civic uses
- features system of artificial lakes that snakes through the community

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greenfield

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- undeveloped land in a city used for agriculture, landscape design, or left naturally
- rather than build on greenfield, developer will focus on infill

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infill development

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- building within unused or underutilized lands within an existing development
- critical to accommodating growth -

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mixed use development

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- avoids sprawl
- minimum - must include a corner store to fit residentials daily needs
- limits automobile trips out of development
-includes places to work, ideally balancing residents and jobs

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Transit-worthy development

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- widely recognized as a promising strategy that combines improved accessibility with more sustainable mobility patterns

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Daniel Burnham

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- american architect and urban designer
- directly of works for Worlds columbian exposition in chicago
- took leading role in developing chicago and DC
- Union station in DC

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Columbian World Exposition

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- Fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate 400th anniversary of christopher columbas arrival in 1492
- influential social and cultural event
- followed beaux art design, and french neo-calssical architecture

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comprehensive planning

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- plans containing basic policies for land use - residential, commercial, industrial, and puiblic, policies for systems
- most general idea of planning
-discusses the principle issues and problems of growth or decline facing the community

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chicago city planning

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- 1909, 22 members, including mayoral appointees made with city council consent
- responsible for the review of proposals that invole Planned developments, lakefront protection ordinance, planned manufacturing districts, industrial corridors, tax increment facancing districts

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suburban form

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- low-density, zoned by use, arterial roadways, cul-de-sacs, automobile centric
- development of this form and its effects, leapfrogging, led to new urbanism mvmt

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urban form

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- high density, connected road systems, often a grid
- mixed use
- public green space
-transit

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land use regulation

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- policies which seek to regulate and order land use in efficient and ethical manner zoning
- land use planning did not become used unil 1970s

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tennessee valley authority

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- federally-owned corporation created by congressional charter in 1933 for area suffering from great depression
- goals to develop flood control, infrastructure, electricity generation, economic development service area covers most of tennesse

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parks movement

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- late 19th century response to industrialization and urbanization
- influenced frederick law olmstead, and the garden suburb

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Ebeneezer Howard

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-strong advocate of garden city movement
- thought key to improve health was an urban plan without congestion so sought to integrate urban and rural

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garden city movement

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-1898 - ebenezer howard
- planned and surrounded by greenbelts
-contained proportional areas of residences, industry, agriculture
-attempted to blend constructed environment with natural environment

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master plan

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- long term outline of a project
- series of steps to be carried out in a procedure

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lewis mumford

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- american historian, noted for his studies in urban planning
- wrote The City in History in 1961 (its origins, transformations, and prospects)

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regional plan association of america

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- formed by Clarence Stein for urban reform in 1923

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radburn plan

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- town for the motor age after WWI
-garden city design
-aimed for separation between pedestrians and automobile traffic
- used cul-de-sacs and super-blocks (much larger than city block with larger setbacks and higher speed roads)

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Clarence Stein

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- urban planner, proponent of the garden city movement and the radburn plan
-believed in molding construction into nature

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henry wright -

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- architect/landscape architect and major proponent of the garden city, characterized by belts and created by sir ebenezer howard

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Clarence Perry

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- American planner, sociologist, author, educator
- worked on NYC planning department
-advocate of Neighborhood unit - designing self contained neighborhoods that were community centric, away from noise of trains, and out of ugliness of industrial plants in early 1900's

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le corbusier

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- architect, designer, urban planner
-pioneer of modern architecture
-embraced skyscraper+automobile development
-often did pilates in public restaurants

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utopian modernism

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- any visionary system of political and societal perfection
- architects believed industrial materials could help solve societies problems
- these cities could never be built and work

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Frank lloyd wright

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-american architect, interior designer
- designed structures in harmony with humanity and its environment (organic architecture)
- modern architecture pioneer
- philosophy of urban planning was decentralization - 1 acre per person with no urban concentrations

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economic development

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generally refers to sustained, concerted actions of policy makers and communities that promote the stand of living and economic health of a specific area
- referred as the quantitative and qualitative changes in a the economy

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euclid vs amber realty

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- amber - challenged enforcement of zoning due to devaluing his property
- landmark in single use zoning

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standard zoning enabling act

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- herbert hoover, 1924
- enabled local government to undertake comprehensive and use regulation

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landscape urbanism

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- theory of urban planning that best way to organize a city is through its landscape rather than design of buildings
- postmodernist response to failings of new urbanism

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American Institute of Certified Planners

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certification for professional planners, ethics, development, educations, and standards of practice

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american planning association

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- one of three professional planning groups
- "contribute to the public well-being by developing communities and environments that meets the needs of people and society more effectively

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regulating plan

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- provides standards for disposition of each property or lot and how each relates to adjacent properties and streets
-more predicatbale built environment based on community intentions regarding physical character of the area

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Jane Jacobs + principles of planning

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- promoted mixed use development
- various types of ages and buildings
- high concentration of density and uses
- mixed use
- frequent streets
-concentration of people makes neighborhoods safer "eyes on the streets"

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ian mchard method

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- series of maps for an area, summarizing key ecological, geologic, social, and characteristics to analyze suitable patterns of land development

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land use planning

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-land use in an efficient and ethical way, prevents land-use conflicts
- leads to zoning
- assessment of land and water potential, alternatives for land use, and economic and social conditions to select best land-use options

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METRO

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- oregon
- only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in US
- works with communities, businesses and residents to create a vibrant and sustainable region for all

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planning process

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examining trends in land use, population, employment, traffic
- foreseeing the "demand"
-planning facilities and services of sufficient capacity to accommodate future demands

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Demographic futures

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- population projections, descriptions of changing characteristics
- keeps future residents and "people" as object of planning

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GIS

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geographic information system- lets us analyze data to reveal relationships, patterns, trends

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Sprawl

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- concept centered around automobiles, low-density development
- negative connotations due to health, environmental, and cultural issues (segregation based on income)

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Charrette

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instensive planning sessions where citizens, designers, and others collaborate on a vision
- organized to encourage the participation of all

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tactical urbanism

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-aimed to develop urban practices with use of new technologies
- uses urban space as lab for small, activist spatial practices
- planning for the long term