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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What date did the Columbian Exposition Open?
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May 1st, 1893
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What city hosted the Columbian Exposition?
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Chicago, Illinois
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Name the principal architects / planners of the COlumbian Exposition and tell what each one was responsible for.
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Daniel BURNHAM - Responsible for OVERALL DEVELOPMENT. Basically the administrator and coordinator.
Fredrick Law OLMSTEAD - Responsible for SITE PLAN for Exposition to relate building to one(1) another in space. |
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General OGLETHORPE
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Planned and founded SAVANNAH, Georgia
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Charles Pierre L'ENFANT
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Prepared(initial) 1791 plan for WASHINGTON, DC. The plan was based of classical design principles with radials from powers of government: capitol for Congress; President's Palace(White House) for President and Supreme Court. A grid street plan overlaid the "monumental" classical plan linking important sites.
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What American City is unique because it was planned and developed with the grid iron plan broken up by a series of public squares?
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Savannah, Georgia
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In 1926 the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Village of Euclid in the case "Village of Euclid v. Ambler" after Alfred Bettmen filed an "amicus curiae" siding with the Village of Euclid. What is the Significance of this case?
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AUTHORITY OF CITIES TO ADOPT AND ENFORCE ZONING ORDINANCES
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Popular design
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part of “folk culture” designs rooted in common experience generated by local culture. No one group is responsible. Towns-people, villagers, peasant, and etc. all have a part; failures are abandoned; successors are repeated.
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Professional design
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high-culture; group of individuals become responsible agents on how society will live. Ex. Churches, theatres, etc. ; under this approach average person can make these decisions
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Community
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entity has no legal status but is recognizable group of people that live interact, support & care for one another; ex Pascarella Italian community
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Explain why cities are civilization
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• Cities are places heterogeneous culture of people exchange goods, services and ideas
• Cities aren’t homogenous places (ex. Military corp) compete corporate with each other • They define themselves as a member of that community vs. the outside world • Ex. Pittsburgh Steelers, different races, ethnic backgrounds still celebrate with each other |
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Reasons for collective living the popular tradition
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Defense
Religion |
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Grid System:
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provide multiple choices
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Early planned communities
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• New Haven Connecticut - 1630
• Williamsburg - 1699 • Detroit - 1700 • New Orleans - 1718 |
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Characteristics of colonial planning
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• Grid street systems:
Main reason of grid system made legal descriptions easier (buy and sell property easier) Secondary reason was a religious belief of the grid system. New Jerusalem was based on a rectangular design • Public Open greens: Public open spaces, gathering, parading, militia • Uniform setback and spacing of buildings: Towns should be setback from some uniform distance from these grid streets Most significant early colonial cities Philadelphia – 1682 Savannah – 1733 (James Oglethorpe) Oglethorpe was member of the parliament in England English colony. The Oglethorpe plan has not been replicated. |
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Reasons for the decline of Colonial Planning
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• Anti-urban bias:
• Economic competition: cities began to compete with one another; wealth could be made by connecting the cities • Decline of municipal government: The American Revolution stated nothing at all of the power to plan. The power to plan was to be reserved for the states. The states didn’t utilize that power until the 1920’s. 1920’s the cities started to plan again; 1787-1920 didn’t plan |
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Connecticut Western Reserve
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The state is gets the Western Reserve for dropping 44 parallel to lake Erie and Pennsylvania state line 120 miles west.
Fire lands were set aside for people whose homes have been burnt during the revolutionary war. This area becomes an area for land speculation. Surveyors began to lay out areas for sale. Moses Cleaveland. He hoped to setup the capital for this new reserve. Most of the area is divided off from 5x5 mile townships. Those townships are divided by 1x1 mile great lots. These lots were sold to make money |
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Common characteristics of Western Reserve Communities
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• One or more central greens: town halls, religious or public buildings ex. Chardon square
• Wide streets: 66ft in width • Notion of community: not to be simply crossroads; they have evolved into a place; each township becomes a laboratory to be a place; they should be communities • Large outlots • Resemblance to New England communities and architecture: These people are coming from New England. They are familiar with these designs |
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Annexation:
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: incorporated municipalities; cities; these are distinctly different legal entities; given a host of power to do a variety to do public function given power to do taxation; ex. Municipal corporations can levy income taxes; pay income taxes to city you live or work in. The states want cities to grow. The majority of the land owners in the region get to decide. Is the map drawn accurately.
Sanitary sewers had a great deal to do with in building cities. High density populations can’t function without sewer systems. Health Planning movement began to plot cities out in terms of health planning. Ex. Memphis 1878 slightly more than 40,000 died from diseases to sanitary wastes. These kind of events raised concerned about health planning in our major cities. Grid streets don’t meet the topography. Which direction are things flowing??? The grid streets aren’t adequate, also lead to embankment of storm waters in streets. Cities need fresh air. |
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This City Beautiful movement
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Daniel Burnham, leads this charge, the reemerge meant of modern planning in the US. 1893
Daniel was the founder of modern city planning. European Base • Napoleon III • Baron Haussmann, Adm. Of Paris • Reconstructed Paris • Tree-lined Avenues Through Slums • Public Works Such as Paris Opera House |
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Concepts of "City Beautiful" Design
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• European Classical Deign
• Municipal Art: Began in New York in 1900’s; Artistic Works, sculptures, murals and stained glass- designed to complement Facades and Public Interior of Buildings; World fair gave unprecedented recognition with terrace, frescos, columns etc. • Civic Improvement: Cleanliness, order, and “cultural activity”; female groups dominated • Outdoor Art: Landscape architecture; Fredrick Law Olmsted; Principles of park design; Argued for state parks, forest preservations, and other outdoor open space; landscaping of school yards, streets, railroad site, factory grounds etc. |
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World Fair of 1893
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First example in the US of a great group of public buildings and public spaces designed to relate to one another.
To commemorate the anniversary of the discovery of America Burnham’s leadership led to his being recognized as father of American city planning • Attempted to redefine America; period in which transition from rural to sophisticated society • Introduced themes that still exist • Connection between technology and progress “Tomorrow will be better” • Predominance of corporations and a “professional” class as the power structure of the nation • Triumph of consumer culture “notion is that it is fun to consume” • Equation of European design with “high culture” |
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Major contributors to the "World Fair" Exposition:
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• Daniel Burnham: architect
• John Root: architect • Marshal Field : owned Marshall homes • Potter Palmer • George Pullman: railroad cars • Andrew McNally: • Charles Schwab |
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World Fairs in General
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• Helped to craft the modern world ex. 1889 Paris held a great fair, Thomas Edison displayed many of his new ideas and inventions ex 1851 in London Crystal Palace
• Manufacturers sought to promote products • States competed for new residents and investments • Urban spaces were organized into shimmering utopian cities. |
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Staff
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a composite of a platter of paris that is molder with a fibers cloth; hemp
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Design Control of "World fair of 1893"
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• All cornice heights uniform of 60 feet
• All classical design • Theme of Roman Imperialism and Greek architecture • Dome, arches, arcades • All White buildings (except transportation building) • Geometrically uniform • Use of Staff • “a homogenous grouping of magnificent buildings” |
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Quotes about the world fair:
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“Sell the cook stove if necessary and come! You must see the fair”
“The Chicago exhibition is a striking example of hypocrisy. Everything is for profit amusement, orgies are better” “The damage wrought by the World’s Fair will last half a century from its date, if not longer” “The fair! The fair! Never had the name such significance before. Fairest of all the World’s present sights, it is a city of palaces set in spaces of emerald.” |
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Buildings of the World fair:
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• Transportation Building
• US Government Building • Fair Administration Building • Electricity Building • Machinery Building • Women’s building • Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building. • Fine Arts Building (John root designed, dies before fair, but this is the only building that still remains intact today in Chicago.) now fine arts building of Science and industry • Fisheries Building • Court of Honor (statue of republic, gold leaf surface) • Agriculture Building • California Building (promote people to move to California) |
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George Farris
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Proposes to build giant Farris wheel. Each Car could hold 250 People.
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Fair was hated by Lewis Mumford and others
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• The fair was one in which industrial trust and political power was used as tools against popular interest.
• It was a symbol of Rome with canons and rules for society that provided a small amount of personal choice. • “It exemplified a society and civilization that provided grand stones for people who have been deprived of bread and sunlight and all that keeps man from becoming vile.” • “It was a sort of municipal cosmetics” • It suggested that every city could be a fair |
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World Fair Summary
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• Full scale model of “City Beautiful”
• Influenced all American cities. Every place could have public buildings and spaces. Every place could be a fair. • Chicago, Cleveland, Washington D.C. examples • The blue print for modern America • Technology is celebrated rather than feared • Corporate interest (control?) in community • Emphasis on consumerism. It’s fun to shop. |
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New Products and Events introduced at the World fair:
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• Juicy Fruit Gum
• Pabst won a blue ribbon • Post Cards • Carbonated beverages • Hamburgers introduced • Columbus day • Pledge of Allegiance |
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Daniel Burnham 1909 Plan for Chicago.
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“People are going to have pay for this plan”
328 member planning commission was formed Burnham convince Chicago school system to offer course “Plan for the city of Chicago” Produced movie “Tale of one city” |
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Burnham’s most famous quote:
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“Make no little plans for they have no magic to stir men’s blood and probably will not be realized. Make big plans, aim high in hope and work, remembering that a nobler, logical diagram once recorded will never die, but long after we are gone will be a living thing, asserting itself with ever growing insistency. Let your watchword be order and your beacon beauty.”
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City Beautiful replaced with City Efficient
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“The most important features of city planning are not the public buildings, not the railroad approaches, not even the parks and playgrounds. They are the location of streets, the establishment of block lines, the subdivision of property into lots, the regulations of buildings and the housing of people.”
Alfred Beckman in a lawyer from Cincinnati , what rights to the public have to regulate public property. He believes the government has the right. |
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Garden City Movement
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(Ebenezer Howard)
• Howard’s obsession is with housing. • He was against homes built in cities: ex. Homes in Homestead PA would be right next to steel mills or landfills. • Large cities are fundamentally bad. • Howard was born in London and lived in Chicago. Left Chicago and returned to London and become the founder of the garden city movement (town movement) • Howard wants to build cities with little or no corporate influence. He wrote “Tomorrow a peaceful path to real reform” In this book Howard writes “service to the community not as profit endeavors” The city would be build in concentric circles . Midway would be a grand avenue 400 ft. in width lined with trees and greens. Outer most circle agriculture belt. • Separation of land use • 6 blvds would radiate from garden city “much on the planned sketched on plan from Pierre Lonfont” |
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Welwyn Garden City
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• Classify streets
• Collectors are streets that tie to thorough fare • Collectors tie into residential • PUD (Planned unit developments) • 1893 World’s Fair 1939 World’s Fair in NY city • NY city Fair Big reason American institute of planners Lewis Mumford • The World of Tomorrow (sell the citizens that Burnham was wrong and Mumford was right) (note: the video we viewed in class) |
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Le Corbusier (Radiant City)
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• 2 vies of the world
• Technical view – based on Science • Spiritual view – based on religion • People assume the two are in conflict That’s not the case, they complement each other, what we must do, use technology and the tools of technology to generate values that are human first. These values of human dignity can be provided by the proper utilization of technology in the development of cities. “The city of today is a dying thing” Why is it dying? Because it is not geometrical. The result of true geometrical layout is repetition the result of repetition is a standard a perfect form. We must introduce uniformity into the building of cities we must industrialize buildings. |
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Modernist Movement (International Style)
Contemporary city of 3 million |
New technology lets us modernize the carrying function, we can build a skeleton. You can utilize this technology in the Contemporary City. Height is one of the characteristics of a good city. Put a skin on building to separate inside from outside (membrane, glass and concrete)
• Vertical mass transit (elevators to move large group of people up and down) • Provides a sense of accuracy • Highways actually exist in the building. • City of Tomorrow (using a lot of right angles) • Height is uniform • Proposed to have 1200 inhabitants per acre • 85% would be parks, sports grounds • City of 65,000 |
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Machine for living has all the characteristics of large building
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• Supported by beams
• Park a car underneath • Right angle • Strips all the goo gag that Burnham likes • They have a skeleton and membrane • Utilizes sunlight for summer and winter |
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“The decision to liberate cities from the strangle hold and tyranny of the local street”
Criticisms |
• “The evil that Le Corbusier did lives after him: the good is perhaps littered with his books, which are seldom read for the simple reason that no one can read them
• Is it madness? Is it modern America? Is it both? • He came from a watchmaker family • He argued that the house is a machine • He was not detracted and stuck to his famous paradox “we must decongest the centers of our cities by increasing their density.” • Not only must the building be uniform but they must all contain the same uniform furniture “my scheme at first glance might seem to warrant a certain fear and dislike • Everyone regardless of income will have the exactly same housing unit and furniture |
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Zoning
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• The US is a nation views land as a commodity
• Fee simple (deed will show what land you own) • People would own a parcel of land • 17th century John Lockhart (preservation of property) • US was founded as land as a commodity • Immigrants from Europe came to for abundant land • Encouraged by colonies (New Jersey) • Federal government 1862 Homestead Act • Desert Land act of 1877 • American Indian viewed as is a community land, no ownership of land • This notion of who owns the land reaches a high land • Zoning: There are certain community interests and they can take this absolute right and modify it. (When does regulation become taking and strips you of your rights) • 1860’s zoning started. San Fran in 1876 had building heights (earth quakes) • San Fran 1885 excluded laundry in residential neighborhoods • 1904 Massachusetts created zones and height regulations • 1909 LA divided into residential and industrial • 1916 NY building and zone resolution (The state of New York passed a special enabling act to pass this zoning endeavor) (the use of land, regulations use of building, height of building, % of lot that can be occupied by a building) created three zones: residential, business and restricted aka pyramid zoning • By 1922 20 states adopted/final process of adopting zoning enabling acts. 50 cities • 1926 43 states adopted 420 cities zoning ordinances • Other states said they were taking rights away, Maryland, Georgia and New Jersey • 1926 Supreme court stepped in to see if zoning was a legitimate function |
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Reasons for zoning:
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• They attempted to zone the use of the land to keep residential or industrial
• Height of building (access to sun/earthquakes) • Side yards (house has to sit off so far off the lot) (safety issue, fires) (light, air) • Use of the building itself (manufacturing building, ammonia, explosives |
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Euclid was a population with 6-7 thousand
Amber reality owned 68 acres 1922 the village council adopted zoning doctrine |
Zoning ordinance is legitimate police power, for public welfare, this police power can’t be specifically defined, actions can be reasonable and sometimes not
The placement is wrong (ex pigs, where they are that) A regulatory ordinance may valid for city but not valid for residential area If the validity of classification is debatable then the legislative council must be allow to control If the court had preferred to follow the method of We don’t know what the great cities will look like, problems or uses that will be proposed, therefore not only is it legal but it’s elastic. We expect that it will change as time goes by. Cities will find new ways to regulate. This case was decided by a 5/4 decision for that had been earlier a 5/4 against. |
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Bellltar vs. Bruce Borrus
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Who can live
1 or more person blood adoption or marriage Living or cooking together Exclusive of household servants 1971 six students of mixed gender moved into a house in Belltar(Set a bad example) Supreme court supports Belltar Cities immediately adopt Belltar views (mentally handicap group homes must be exiled) Most of the stated modify this view because of this |
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Elastic (4 types of zoning)
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1) Exclusionary zoning (exclude rift rat
2) Referendum zoning (city approves something, citizens have to affirm) 3) Inclusionary zoning (lots in a cul de sac, have to have cheaper housing) 4) Incentive/bonus zoning (if you do something for me, I’ll do something for you, building can be higher if you put a plaza below) |
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Zero lot line zoning
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build all homes in 4 quad square
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Floating zone
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zoning commission can make any type of zone whatever they want
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TDR
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transferable development right (transfer zoning rights to someone else)
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PDR
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purchase of development rights (ex. can continue to farm but not allow development)
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Combat zones
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all the porn/strip clubs were set to this area
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Appearance codes
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ex. garage door must open from side, shutters must be a certain color
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Kelo case vs. City of New London Connecticut
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2005 Phizer had a production center in connection 350 million center. Relocating 1500 jobs in new area. Supreme court rules that this is ligament police power. States passed laws taking back eminent domain (ex. schools) but can’t be used to secure property for private interest.
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Bernard Siegan
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land use without zoning, a variety of cities in Texas that don’t have zoning, doesn’t believe in zoning. Developer must have deed restrictions.
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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was an American architect, interior designer, writer and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 500 works
“If the roof doesn’t leak the architect hasn’t been creative enough.” He worked for Adler and Sullivan Wright was an apprentice and worked under Sullivan Wright began to bootleg jobs . (Taking work from firm) Wright designed homes (primarily single family architect, no access to dining room to kitchen) designed home with too few bedrooms for family. Homes with not closets poor ventilation He seldom completed projects on time, exceeded budgets He designed over 600 buildings in his career. Japan, US. Europe Wright really liked the Worlds fair. American Indian and Jap. Pavilion Influence his work. He argued that nothing influenced his work. Organic architecture Design the spare then build the walls and the roof for the containers for that space The form of the building must follow the function of the interior design, walls are simply the physical orders that feel the space, we must learn as architects to look into things instead of look at things. Arthur Heurtley House (Prairie House) • prairie is horizontal • sheltered front door, shelter you from day to day street activity. • Central fireplace • Poured concrete or concrete block |
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Usonian Homes
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• 1936 until his death
• Open out onto the outside • “the one and only US home” • Moderate price housing for America? • Walls of composite panels, light-weight cast floor slabs with heating pipes, no basements • Good example – Falling Water |
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Falling Water
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• Edgar J. Kaufmann Sr.
• Bear Run, Penn. • “In perfect harmony with nature” • Designated a National Historic landmark • Floors of the stream bed, waxed to look wet • Stream under the cantilevered living area • Wright designed much of the furnishings • Represents his ideal of a living place fused with nature • In this house more than any other, Wright broke with the “box” format of traditional building • It is truly a home in harmony with nature |
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“What’s Ahead for Cleveland?
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? January 1941
It’s prepared by the regional association (non profit group) First sentence of plan: “Are you planning to be alive 5, 10, 15 years from today?” New transportation methods let families live father out, reduce congestion, increase light and air All these changes are for the better Cost of maintaining slum area Poor people are expensive |
