Urban Australia

Front 1

Define:
1. Urban morphology
2. Internal morphology
3. External morphology

Back 1

1. Urban morphology: the study of the form or shape of an urban settlement.
2. Internal morphology: the layout of functions, buildings and transport network in a settlement.
3. External morphology: the shape of a settlement, 4 general types.
stellate- growth outwards from a central node along many transport lines
irregular- townsite is broken up by physical barriers e.g. hill
regular
linear- growth along one major transport route.

Front 2

Factors affecting external morphology; site factors

Back 2

1. Coastal plain - relatively flat site, allows for development of an expansive urban area.
80km Mindarie (N) to Rockingham (S).
30km west coast to scarp

2. Drainage- relatively well drained sandy soils.
wetlands and lakes cause some restriction to growth e.g. Herdsman
Swan and Canning provide focus for growth.

3. Darling Range- major barrier to eastwards growth.
residential attraction in some parts of ranges e.g. Kalamunda

4. Indian Ocean- absolute boundary to westwards development.
attracts urban growth - North/South trend

5. Groundwater mounds- urban developement directly over mound is restricted due to pollution risk.

6. Reliable freshwater supplies - fresh groundwater beneath entire coastal plain attrcts general development.
freshwater catchements in Darling Range restrict development e.g. Canning Dam.

Front 3

Factors affecting external morphology; cultural factors.

Back 3

1. Proximity to hinterland- Perth is a focus point for industry, ag., mining.
transport links, highway, freeway, rail extend growth along major arteries.

2. Functions- Perth's residential function contributes to urban expansion.
port function of Fremantle attracted urban growth.

3. Sociocultural values- demand for low intensity residential properties resulted in suburbs & urban sprawl.
High car ownership and expansion of the transport network also contributes to this.

4. Planning- necessary to control the shape and spread of the city, urban planning policies used.
1990's Metroplan resulted in the development of satellite cities e.g. Joondalup.

5. Historical- initial growth along transport lines, 1970- 1990 growth along 4 corridors (N/W, E, SW, S/E).

Front 4

Land use characteristics of the CBD.

Back 4

1. Most expensive land due to being the most accessible point, views, prestige sites.
2. Displays vertical and horizontal zonation.
3. Dynamic zone - mixture of retail, administration and residential.
4. High daytime population and a relatively low night population.
5. High pedestrian area (Arcades e.g. Picadilly and Malls e.g. Hay Street).
6. High order comparison goods (retail and department stores).
7. Most intensive urban land use, limited vacant land.
8. Limited parking access and larger vehicle access, time and size limits.
9. Transport nodes converge here, very accessible.
10. Compact zone.

Front 5

Land use characteristics of the Inner Mixed Zone (IMZ).

Back 5

1. e.g. Northbridge, East Perth, Subiaco, West Perth, Leederville.
2. Zone in transition due to CBD encroachment and buildings changing uses.
3. Horizontal zonation and lower vertical zonation than the CBD.
4. High degree of accesibility.
5. Great mixture of land uses and functions - hospitals, nightclubs, residential, restaurants, offices, retail.
6. Invasion and succession occurs as new functions move in and some eventually take over e.g. nightclubs in Northbridge.
7. Some areas of specialisation e.g. West Perth medical and Northbridge nightclubs and pubs.
8. High night population, decreased daytime population.
9. Recreation and special purpose areas e.g. UWA, Kings Park, Zoo, WACA.
10. Urban blight can occur as higher paying CBD functions move in.

Front 6

Land use characteristics of the established residential zone.

Back 6

1. e.g. Karrinyup, Woodlands, Scarborough, Carine, City Beach, Doubleview.
2. Residential function is dominant.
3. Older style homes closer to city, newer homes near rural urban fringes.
4. Outer business districts e.g. Whitfords City Shopping Centre, Karrinyup Shorrping Centre provide residents of the area with g&s.
5. Transport links such as road and rail connect to CBD.
6. Population characteristics will vary from area to area.
7. Regions will vary in terms of the quality of housing.
8. Urban infill and consolidation occuring in some areas e.g. subdivision of blocks in Scarborough.
9. Older suburbs closer to city tend to contain middle aged couples with high school and university aged children.
10. Newer suburbs closer to the rural urban fringe tend to contain young familes with young children and newlyweds.

Front 7

Land use characteristics of the New Growth Zone.

Back 7

1. e.g. Ellenbrook, Jindalee.
2. Residential function is newly developed and often on the edge of the rural area.
3. Spare blocks cleared for development are part of the landscape.
4. Market gardens, paddocks and agricultural functions are close to homes.
5. Large scale real estate developments and land releases.
6. Land prices are often lower than more established suburbs.
7. Population is dominated by young families and first homebuyers.
8. Poor provision of services compared to elsewhere.
9. Families can become isolated due to lack of facilities and population.
10. Not a great mix of land uses, residential function dominant.

Front 8

Land use characteristics of the Rural Urban Fringe.

Back 8

1. Zone in transition between residential and agricultural areas surrounding the city.
2. Land use conflicts are common, Jandakot Airport, Canningvale Prison.
3. Dynamic area, constantly changing, land use mix.
4. Residential developemt is low density.
5. Space extensive activities occur- market gardens, rubbish tips, airports, industrial.
6. Pockets of new residential devlopment and vacant land.

Front 9

Land use charcteristics of the Industrial Areas.

Back 9

1. Industry not spread uniformly over the city.
2. Most industrial estates are planned e.g. Malaga
3. Agglomeration of light industry e.g. car yard, smash repairs, spare parts, tyre store located near each other.
4. Sites formerly on the RUF e.g. Osborne Park are now close to residential areas creating land use conflict.
5. Kwinina only heavy industrial area in Perth, aggregation of industry occurs here.
6. High value added industries like to be close to the city centre.
7. High daytime traffic and roads are wider and linear to cope with heavy trucks.
8. Planned areas are surrounded by a green zone.

Front 10

Outer Business Districts and Special Purpose areas.

Back 10

OBD:
- regional shopping centres e.g. Karrinyup
- distinct zones such as Cannington
- community and neighborhood shopping centres.

Special Purpose Areas:
- Tertiary education campuses e.g. UWA, Curtin.
- Medical institutions e.g. PMH
- Airports e.g. Perth
- Recreation e.g. Kings Park

Front 11

Urban processes: Land use competition

Back 11

- most accessible areas, converging transport links are the most desirable sites.
- accessibility influences land values and determines the use made of a particular site
- e.g. CBD area of max. accessibility only space intensive high profit functions can afford this location.
- residential areas located where land values are lower.
- encourages a high intensity of land uses in the IMZ.

Front 12

Urban processes: Inertia

Back 12

- resistance to change by functions which are established in or near central urban zones.
- relocation is not feasible due to high costs of relocating and decreased accessiblity.
- e.g. WACA in East Perth, Royal Perth Hospital.

Front 13

Urban processes: Areal Specialisation

Back 13

- location of similar functions in the same general location or in close proximity.
- agglomeration: clustering of firms that provide similar functions e.g. car yards, smash repairs, tyre shop.
- segregation: separation of incompatible functions. e.g. residential and industrial.

Front 14

Urban processes: Invasion and Succession

Back 14

- invasion: occurs when functions move into another area as they are unable to afford land rent e.g. business moves from CBD to IMZ
- e.g. businesses (Majo Holdings) taking over residential buildings in West Perth.
- succession: invading function has become dominant and the original land use has disappeared.
- e.g. West Perth, business function taken over residential function.

Front 15

Urban processes: Centripetal forces

Back 15

- attract functions to the central and most accessible parts of an urban area
- concentration of business and commercial in the CBD.

Front 16

Urban processes: Centrifugal forces

Back 16

- cause functions to move away from central areas and to the outer of Perth
- due to the prohibitive cost of land, traffic congestion, high taxes and lack of expansion space.
- e.g. decentralisation of retail to OBD's

Front 17

Urban processes: Urban renewal

Back 17

- rebuilding parts of an urban area by demolishing old buildings and erecting new ones
- e.g. East Perth

Front 18

Urban processes: Urban redevelopment

Back 18

- improving or upgrading an area by retaining existing buildings and erecting new ones.
- e.g. East Perth redevelopment project
- converted waerhouses into residential e.g. the Loft.

Front 19

Describe spatial population charcteristics: age-sex structure

Back 19

- average age of Perth's population is increasing
- average life expectancy is increasing
- proportion of people over 55 is increasing, ageing population.
- younger families tend to live further from the city
- older age groups tend to live in more established areas.
- boys tend to outnmber girls at birth, more boys in younger age groups
- females have a longer life expectancy, more females in older age groups
- places where male dominated industry set up e.g. mining, more males.

Front 20

Describe spatial population charcteristics: socio-economic groupings

Back 20

- income, occupation, education, dwelling characteristics.
- high socio economic areas have those who earn high incomes living there as they are able to afford this.
- e.g. Peppermint Grove, Dalkeith, City Beach.
- high degree of owner occupancy, employed in white collar occupations, detatched homes or high cost apartments.

- low socio economic areas are found in blighted areas near the CBD or in housing developments.
- generally away from the coast or river.
- blue collar workers, single parent families, high levels of unemployment.

- middle socio economic areas tend to be suburban, close to the city or near the coast.
- income is median, usually married couples with children, professionals in lower earning jobs than high socio economic people.
- paying off a mortgage or renters.

Front 21

Describe spatial population charcteristics: ethnic groupings

Back 21

- population increases through immigration
- Non english speaking migrants tend to form communities
- Asian immigrants have increased, tend to live closer to the city in apartments as this is familiar to many.

Front 22

Urban Problems: Urban Sprawl

Back 22

1. Largely uncontrolled growth outwards of Australian cities
2. Wasteful use of the land, high cost of providing public utilities which lag behind growth
3. Decentralisation of the urban pop. not accompanied by decentralisation of jobs.
4. Traffic congestion and inadequate transport facilities
5. Land use conflict occurs as residential encroaces on tips, prisons.

Front 23

Urban Problems: Pollution

Back 23

1. Addition of human, domestic, industrial wastes to the natural environment.
2. Air pollution, smog and hydrocarbons from car exhausts, carbon and nitrogen oxide from factories.
3. Water pollution, build up of contaminants and disease in waterways.
4. Land pollution, unsightly waste dumps which emit methane and pollute groundwater.

Front 24

Urban Problems: Urban Blight

Back 24

1. Run down, congested, overcrowded and polluted city areas.
2. Unused land and abandoned buildings.
3. Incompatible land uses.

Front 25

Planning strategies and solutions for Urban sprawl.

Back 25

1. Residential infill and urban consolidation.
2. Smaller building blocks in the New growth zone.
3. Metroplan and Corridor Plans controlling growth.
4. Park and Ride facilities and CAT buses.
5. Multistorey and space extensive carparks near CBD.

Front 26

Planning strategies and solutions for pollution.

Back 26

1. Carbon Emissions trading scheme and incentives for reducing pollution.
2. Levels of pollutants monitored by Water Authority.
3. Industries must remove harmful materials from liquid wastes.
4. Recycling of some wastes occurs.
5. Chemicals and plastic can be destroyed at high temps.

Front 27

Planning strategies and solutions for urban blight.

Back 27

1. Redevelopment of blighted areas e.g. East Perth into high density residential.
2. Gentrification
3. Beautifying the foreshore.
4. Demolishing un-used buildings and selling the land to developers.