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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What viruses cause the common cold? What bacteria?
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Rhinovirus
Parainfluenza virus Respiratory syncytial virus Coronavirus Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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How does a common cold progress?
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Inhalation of particles into the nose causes infection of the respiratory tract epithelium.
Nasal stuffiness, throat irritation and sneezing occurs. Neutrophils and macrophages appear as the epithelium sloughs, causing mucopurulent nasal discharge. |
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How is the common cold treated?
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Symptomatic
Nasal decongestants Antipyretics Adequate hydration |
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What are risk factors for developing otitis media?
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URI
Day care attendance Smoke exposure Allergic rhinitis Bottle feeding |
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How is otitis media diagnosed? What are features in the history? Physical?
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History- poor sleep, fever, pain, drainage, prior URI.
Exam- retraction, bulging, erythema. |
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What are common causes of otitis media?
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae Moraxella catarhalis |
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What anatomically makes infants more susceptible to otitis media?
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The eustachian tube is flat and short, not allowing the ears to drain.
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How is otitis media treated?
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Pain relief
Antibiotics if less than 2 years or severe in older- amoxicillin |
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What antibiotic should be used if amoxicillin does not work for otitis media?
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Augmentin (amoxicillin/ clavulinic acid)
Cephalosporins |
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What are potential complications of otitis media?
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Scarring of the TMs
Tympanosclerosis- calcium and phosphate plaques |
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When are tympanostomy tubes indicated?
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Persistent AOM
Unable to prevent recurrence Persistent middle ear effusions Hearing loss |
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What are some complications associated with tympanostomy tubes?
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Fungal overgrowth
Granulation tissue Cholesteatoma |
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How is sinusitis diagnosed in children?
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Symptoms of viral URI who do not improve after 10 days.
CT scan of sinuses |
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What are symptoms of sinusitis?
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Nasal drainage
Nasal congestion Facial pressure Postnasal drip Fever Cough Maxillary dental pain |
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What are the most common causes of sinusitis in children?
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S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae M. catarrhalis S. pyogenes |
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What are the main causes of croup (acute laryngotracheitis)?
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Parainfluenza virus
RSV Adenovirus |
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How does a child with croup present?
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Swelling around subglottic region
Upper respiratory infection symptoms. Upper airway obstruction Barking cough with inspiratory stridor |
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What X ray finding is associated with croup?
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Steeple sign of narrowed subglottic region.
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what X ray finding is associated with acute epiglottitis?
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Thumb sign on lateral X ray due to enlarged epiglottis.
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How is croup managed?
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Humidity and oxygen if hypoxic
Corticosteroids Nebulizer Tracheal intubation of necessary |
