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41 Cards in this Set
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esophagus |
about 25 cm (10 in) long and extends from the base of the pharynx to the stomach |
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oropharyngeal sphincter |
upper esophageal (UES), also referred to as the |
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gastroesophageal sphincter |
lower esophageal (LES), also referred to as |
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GERD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) |
common condition characterized by gastric content and enzyme backflow into the esophagus |
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primary treatment of GERD |
diet and lifestyle changes, advancing to medication use (antacids, H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors) and surgery |
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epithelium |
cells seen in the stomach or intestines |
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Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) |
identify tissue damage and to dilate strictures in the esophagus, allows visualization of the esophagus |
reveals esophagitis or Barrett’s epithelium (premalignant cells) |
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Prokinetics |
increases the motility of the esophagus and stomach |
Metoclopramide |
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Metoclopramide |
Prokinetics medicine name… |
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Aspiration of Gastric Secretion |
Reflux of gastric fluids into the esophagus that can be aspirated into the trachea |
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Barrett’s Epithelium and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma |
Reflux of gastric fluids leads to esophagitis, when chronic the body continuously heals inflamed tissue, eventually replacing normal esophageal epithelium with premalignant tissue |
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Volvulus |
twisting of the esophagus and/or stomach |
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Obstruction (paraesophageal hernia) |
blockage of food in the herniated portion of the stomach |
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Strangulation (paraesophageal hernia) |
compression of the blood vessels to the herniated portion of the stomach |
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Iron-deficiency anemia (paraesophageal hernia) |
resulting from bleeding into the gastric mucosa due to obstruction |
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Esophageal varices |
swollen, fragile blood vessels found in submucosa of lower esophagus, can develop higher in esophagus or into stomach |
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Portal hypertension |
elevated blood pressure in veins that carry blood from the intestines to the liver |
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Barium swallow |
identifies a hiatal hernia, strictures, or structural abnormalities, which would contribute to or cause GERD |
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Hiatal hernia (diaphragmatic hernia) |
protrusion of the stomach above the diaphragm into thoracic cavity through the hiatus |
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hiatus |
opening in the diaphragm |
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Sliding |
portion of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction move above the diaphragm |
more common |
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Paraesophageal Hiatal hernia |
Part of the fundus of the stomach moves above the diaphragm, gastroesophageal junction remains below the diaphragm |
rolling |
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gas bloat syndrome |
difficulty burping and distention |
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Hematemesis |
vomiting blood |
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melena |
black, tarry stools |
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Esophageal varices |
swollen, fragile blood vessels |
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H |
H |
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Esophageal manometry |
records gastroesophageal sphincter pressure and peristaltic activity, swallows 3 tubes, pressure and pH levels tested |
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Esophageal pH Monitoring |
small catheter placed through nose into distal esophagus, or capsule attached to esophageal wall during endoscopy. pH taken in relation to food, position, and activity for 24 to 48 hr |
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Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) |
reduces gastric acid |
Pantoprazole, omeprazole, esomeprazole, rabeprazole, and lansoprazole |
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Antacids |
neutralize excess acid and increase LES pressure |
Aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate |
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Histamine2 Receptor Antagonists |
reduce the secretion of acid |
Famotidine, cimetidine, and nizatidine |
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zole |
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) medication word thingy… |
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Electrolytes |
Antacids medications name thingy… |
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peptic ulcer |
an erosion of the mucosal lining of the stomach, esophagus, or duodenum |
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occult GI bleeding |
coffee-ground emesis |
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Antrectomy |
antrum/lower portion of stomach is removed |
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Gastrojejunostomy (Billroth II procedure) |
lower portion of the stomach is excised, the remaining stomach is anastomosed to the jejunum, and the remaining duodenum is surgically closed |
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Gastrectomy |
All or part of the stomach is removed with laparoscopic or open approach |
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Vagotomy |
vagus nerve is cut to decrease gastric acid production in the stomach |
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Pyloroplasty |
opening between the stomach and small intestine is enlarged to increase the rate of gastric emptying |
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