Upper Extremity - Module 2 - Ha - Incomplete

Front 1

Appendicular skeleton

Back 1

Bones of upper and lower limb + supporting elements called girdles that connect limbs to trunk.

Provides control of external environment, changes in position and mobility

Front 2

Pectoral girdle is made up of

Back 2

Clavicle (collar bone) + scapula (shoulder blade)

Front 3

Which bone provides the only direct connection between pectoral girdle and axial skeleton?

Back 3

Clavicle

Front 4

Scapula is supported and positioned by?

Back 4

Skeletal muscles; there is no direct bony or ligamentous connection between scapula and thoracic cage.

Front 5

Function of Pectoral Girdle

Back 5

Movements of clavicle and scapula
-position the shoulder joint
-provide a base for arm movement
-help maximize range of motion of the humerus

Front 6

Where do muscles that move the arm originate?

Back 6

Pectoral girdle

Front 7

Clavicle (function)

Back 7

-Braces the shoulder
-transfers some of the weight of upper limb to axial skeleton

Front 8

The clavicle originates in

Back 8

Manubrium of sternum

Front 9

What are the two ends of the clavicle

Back 9

Sternal end & acromial end

Front 10

Where do the ligaments of the shoulder attach on the clavicle?

Back 10

Conoid tubercle (acromial end) and Costal tuberosity (Sternal end)

Front 11

Tubercle

Back 11

A small rounded projection

Front 12

Tuberosity

Back 12

A rough projection

Front 13

Three sides of the scapular triangle

Back 13

superior border
medial border
lateral border
Muscles that position the scapula attach at these edges

Front 14

Corners of the scapular triangle

Back 14

Superior angle (medial angle)
Inferior angle
Lateral angle

Front 15

Glenoid cavity

Back 15

Formed by lateral angle
Scapula articulates with humerus at glenoid cavity

Front 16

Joint between humerus and scapula

Back 16

Glenohumeral or shoulder joint (Scapulohumerol joint )

Front 17

What is the fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula?

Back 17

subscapular fossa

Front 18

What are two large scapular processes?

Back 18

Coracoid process and acromion

Front 19

Coracoid process

Back 19

Smaller anterior process of scapula; projects anteriorly and slightly laterally and serves as attachment point for biceps brachii muscles

Front 20

Acromion

Back 20

Larger posterior process of scapula; projects anteriorly; located on lateral end of scapular spine.
Serves as attachment point for trapezium muscles of the back.

Front 21

Joint between clavilce and scapula

Back 21

acromioclavicular joint (between acromion process of scapula and acromial end of clavicle)

Front 22

The two surface markings above and below the glenoid cavity

Back 22

Supraglenoid tubercle: attachment point for biceps brachii muscles

Infraglenoid tubercles: attachment point for triceps brachii muscles

Front 23

Scapular spine

Back 23

Crosses the scapular body from acromion to end at medial border.

Serves as attachment point for deltoid and trapezius muscles.

Front 24

What two regions does the scapular spine divide the posterior surface of scapula into?

Back 24

Supraspinous Fossa: an attachment for supraspinatus muscle

Infraspinous fossa: attachment for infraspinatus muscle.

Front 25

What is indentation medial to the base of the coracoid process called?

Back 25

suprascapular notch

Front 26

Fossa

Back 26

A shallow depression

Front 27

Process

Back 27

Any projection or bump

Front 28

Bones of the upper limb

Back 28

Humerus, ulna, radius, carpal bones (wrist), metacarpals and phalanges of the hand.

Front 29

Where is the greater tubercle located and what muscles attach to it?

Back 29

Location: Proximal lateral margin of humerus.

Four scapular muscles attach to the greater tubercle: pectoralis major, supraspinatus muscle, infraspinatus muscle and teres minor muscle

Front 30

Where is the lesser tubercle located and what muscles attach to it?

Back 30

Location: Anterior, medial surface on proximal end of humerus

The subscapularis, a scapular muscle attaches to it.

Front 31

What is the groove between the lesser and greater tubercle on the humerus called? What runs through it?

Back 31

Intertuberculer sulcus or groove (Bicipital groove)

A tendon of the biceps brachii runs through it from its origin at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.

Front 32

Where do fractures often occur in the humerus?

Back 32

The surgical neck.

Front 33

What is the body of the humerus called?

Back 33

Shaft

Front 34

Location of deltoid tuberosity and what muscle attaches to it?

Back 34

Location: lateral border of shaft of humerus

Muscle: deltoid muscle

Front 35

What is the distal articular surface of the humerus called and what are its two regions?

Back 35

Condyle.

The two regions are trochlea and capitulum.

Front 36

Trochlea of the humerus articulates with what bone and runs between which two depressions?

Back 36

Trochlea articulates with ulna.

Runs from the anterior coronoid fossa to the posterior olecranon fossa.

Front 37

The capitulum of the humerus articulates with what bone?

Back 37

Radius

Front 38

What are the three depressions on the distal end of the humerus and what projections do they accept?

Back 38

Coronoid fossa and olecranon fossa accept projections from ulna as the elbow flexes and extends.

Radial fossa accomadate small part of the radial head.

Front 39

Radial groove location and what nerve runs through it?

Back 39

Location: runs along posterior margin of deltoid tuberosity.

The radial nerve runs through it.

Front 40

Function of radial nerve

Back 40

Provides sensory information from back of hand and motor control over large muscles that extend (straighten) the elbow.

Front 41

What are epicondyles?

Back 41

Processes that develop proximal to an articulation and provide additional surface area for muscle attachment.

Front 42

What nerve crosses the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

Back 42

Ulnar nerve

Front 43

What location is called the funny bone?

Back 43

The humeral side of the elbow joint. Bumping it can strike the ulnar nerve which produced temporary numbness and paralysis of some muscles in the forearm.

Front 44

Relative position of ulna and radius to each other

Back 44

Ulna lies medial to radius in anatomical position.

Front 45

What forms the point of the elbow?

Back 45

Olecranon (olecranon process) of the ulna

Front 46

What feature of the ulna interlocks with the tochlea on the humerus?

Back 46

Trochlear notch

Front 47

What two markings for the superior and inferior border of the trochlear notch?

Back 47

Olecranon and Coronoid process.

Olecranon projects into the olecranon fossa when the elbox extends.

The coronoid process projects into the coronoid fossa of humerus when elbow flexes.

Front 48

What marking accommodates the head of the radius on the ulna?

What is the joint called.

Back 48

Radial notch

Proximal radioulnar joint

Front 49

What shape is the shaft of the ulna?

Back 49

Triangle, with base on medial side and apex of triangle on lateral side.

Front 50

What fibrous sheet connects the ulna and radius? What is its function

Back 50

Interosseous membrane: provides additional surface area for muscle attachment.

Front 51

What are the two bone features at the distal end of the ulna?

Back 51

Ulnar head and styloid process. A cartilage attaches to the styloid process and separates ulnar head from wrist bones.

Ulnar head is part of distal radioulnar joint.

Front 52

What two joints is the elbow joint made of?

Back 52

Humeroulnar joint and humeroradial joint.

Front 53

Where is the head of the ulna located?

Where is the head of the radius located?

Back 53

Distal end of ulna.

Proximal end of radius

Front 54

Where does the biceps brachii muscle attach on the radius?

Back 54

Radial tuberosity. The muscle flexes the elbow.

Front 55

What is the distal end of the radius called?

Back 55

Distal extremity

Front 56

Do both the distal extremity and ulnar head participate in the wrist joint.

Back 56

No only the distal extremit does. Cartilage separates ulna from wrist.

Front 57

What feature of the radius articulates with the ulnar head?

Back 57

Ulnar notch of radius. This forms the distal radioulnar joint.

Front 58

Describe rotation of medial and lateral rotation at radioulnar joint.

Back 58

The proximal radioulnar joint permits medial or lateral rotation of ulnar head. When medial rotation occurs at the proximal radioulnar joint, the ulnar notch of the radius rolls across the rounded surface of the ulnar head. Medial rotation at the radioulnar joints in turn rotates the wrist and hand medially, from the anatomical position. The medial rotation is called pronation and the lateral rotation is called supination.

Front 59

What is the function of the styloid process of radius

Back 59

Stabilizes the wrist

Front 60

How many bones in the wrist?

Back 60

Eight. Four proximal carpal bone and four distal carpal bones.

Front 61

What is the phrase to help you remember the names of the carpal bones?

Back 61

Sam likes to push the toy card hard
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

Front 62

What two carpal bones articulate with the radius?

Back 62

Scaphoid and lunate

Front 63

What carpal bone articulates with the cartilage that separates the ulna from the wrist?

Back 63

Triquetrum

Front 64

What carpal bone extends further medially than any other carpal bone?

Back 64

Pisiform

Front 65

What distal carpal bones articulate with the scaphoid?

Back 65

Trapezium and trapezoid

Front 66

Which is the largest carpal bone?

Back 66

Capitate

Front 67

What are the palm bones called? How many are there and how are they numbered?

Back 67

Metacarpals; there are five metacarpal numbered I-V beginning with the lateral metacarpal.

Front 68

Three portions of the metacarpals

Back 68

Proximal base, small body and distal head

Front 69

What are the bones in the fingers called? How many are there?

Back 69

Phalanges; there are fourteen, two in the thumb or pollex and three in each finger.

Front 70

What carpal bone fractures most frequently?

Back 70

The scaphoid usually from falling onto an outstretched hand. It heals poorly in older people due to decreased blood supply.

Front 71

Why would a broken clavicle affect the mobility of the scapula?

Back 71

The clavicle attaches to the sternum and thus restricts the scapulas range of movement. If the clavicle is broken, the scapula will have a greater range of movement and will be less stable

Front 72

Which antebrachial bone is lateral in the anatomical position?

Back 72

Radius

Front 73

What is the function of the olecranon

Back 73

The olecranon is the point of the elbow. During the extension of the elbow the olecranon swings into the olecranon fossa on the posterior surface of the humerus to prevent overextension.

Front 74

Function of appendicular musculature

Back 74

To stabilize the pectoral and pelvic girdles and for moving the upper and lower limbs.

Front 75

What are the two groups of appendicular muscles?

Back 75

Muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs.

Muscles of the pelvic girlde and lower limbs

Front 76

How are muscular connections between pectoral girdle and axial skeleton different from muscular connections between pelvic girdle and axial skeleton?

Back 76

Muscular connections between pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton increase upper limb mobility since since skeletal elements are not locked in position relative to the axial skeleton. Emphasis on versatility.

In contrast the pelvic girdle has a strong skeletal connection to transfer weights from axial to appendicular skeleton. Emphasis on strength.

Front 77

The action produced by a muscle at a joint depends on what?

Back 77

Structure of joint.

Location of insertion of muscle relative to the axis of movement at the joint.

Front 78

What is the action line of the muscle?

Back 78

Imagine a string running from point of origin to point of insertion on the muscle. The string would follow the direction of the applied tension which is called the action line of the muscle.

Front 79

What rules can be applied to action lines to determine action of muscle produced at a joint?

Back 79

1. At joints that permit flexion and extension, muscles whose action lines cross the anterior aspect of a joint are the flexors of that joint and muscles who action lines cross the posterior aspect of a joint are extensors of that joint.

2. At joints that permit adduction and abduction, muscles whose action lines cross the medial aspect of a joint are adductors of that joint and muscles whose action lines cross the lateral aspect of a joint are abductors of that joint.

3. At joints that permit rotation, muscles whose action lines cross on the medial aspect of a joint may produce medial rotation at that joint, whereas muscles whose action lines pass on the lateral aspect of a joint produce lateral rotation at that joint.

Front 80

Function of spurt and shunt muscles.

Back 80

Spurt muscles insert close to the joint and mainly produce movement at the joint.

Shunt muscles insert farther from the joint help stabilize the joint by pulling the articulating surfaces closer together in addition to producing motion at that joint.

Front 81

Four groups of muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs

Back 81

1. muscles that position the pectoral girdle
2. muscles that more the arm
3. muscles that move the forearm and hand
4. muscles that move the hand and fingers

Front 82

List the muscles that position the pectoral girdle. What nerves innervate them?

Back 82

Seven total.
Trapezius
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major
Serratus anterior
Subclavius muscle
Pectoralis minor

Nerves: cervical, dorsal scapular, medial pectoral, long thoracic, nerve to subclavius, accessory nerve

Front 83

Levator scapulae (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 83

Origin: cervical vertebrae
Insertion: Vertebral (medial) border of scapula near superior angle
Action: elevates scapula
Innervation: cervical nerves (C3 - C4) and dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

Front 84

Pectoralis minor (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 84

Origin: anterior and superior margins of ribs
Insertion: coracoid process
Action: depresses and protracts shoulder; rotates scapula; elevates ribs if scapula is stationary
Innervation: Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)

Front 85

Rhomboid major (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 85

Origin: vertebrae T2 to T5
Insertion: vertebral (medial) border of scapula from spine to the inferior angle
Action: Adducts and performs downward motion of the scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve

Front 86

Rhomboid minor (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 86

Origin: Vertebrae C7-T1
Insertion: Vertebral (medial) border of scapula
Action: Adducts and performs downward motion of the scapula
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve

Front 87

Serratus anterior (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 87

Origin: Ribs (anterior and superior margins) 1-8, 1-9 or 1-10
Insertion: Anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula
Action: protracts shoulder; rotates scapula so glenodi cavitry moves superiorly
Innervation: Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)

Front 88

Subclavius (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 88

Origin: First rib
Insertion: clavicle (inferior border of middle 1/3)
Action: depresses and protracts border
Innervation: Nerve to subclavius (C5-C6)

Front 89

Trapezius (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 89

Origin: occipital bone and thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: clavicle and scapula (acromion and scapular spine)
Action: depends on active region and state of other muscles; may elevate, retract, depress or rotate scapula upward and/or clavicle; can also extend neck when the position of the shoulder is fixed
Innervation: Accessory nerve (N XI)

Front 90

Major abductor (muscle) of arm

Back 90

deltoid muscle
supraspinatus muscles assists at the start of the movement

Front 91

What muscles rotate the arm medially?

Back 91

subscapularis and teres major muscle

Front 92

What muscles rotate the arm laterally?

Back 92

infrapinatus and teres minor muscle

Front 93

The scapular muscles that flexes and adducts the arm is?

Back 93

coracobrachialis and pectoralis major

Front 94

What muscles flex and extend the shoulder

Back 94

Pectoralis major (flex)
Latissimus dorsi (extends)

Front 95

What muscles form the rotator cuff?

Back 95

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor merge with connective tissue of the shoulder joint capsule to form the rotator cuff

Front 96

Coracobrachialis (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 96

Origin: Coracoid process
Insertion: medial margin of shaft of humerous
Action: Adduction and flexion at shoulder
Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve

Front 97

Deltoid (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 97

Origin: Clavical and scapula (acromion and scapular spine)
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Action: abduction at shoulder (whole muscle); flexion and medial rotation of humerus (anterior part); extension and lateral rotation of shoulder (posterior part)
Innervation: Axillary nerve

Front 98

Supraspinatous (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 98

Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
Action: Abduction at shoulder
Innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5)

Front 99

Infraspinatous (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 99

Origin: Infraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
Action: Lateral rotation at shoulder
Innervation: Suprascapular nerve (C5 - C6)

Front 100

Subscapularis (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 100

Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus
Action: Medial rotation at shoulder
Innervation: Subscapular nerve (C5 - C6)

Front 101

Teres major (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 101

Origin: Inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: Medial lip of intertuberculer sulcus of humerus
Action: Extension and medial rotation at shoulder
Innervation: Lower subscapular nerve (C5 - C6)

Front 102

Teres minor (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 102

Origin: Lateral Border of Scapula
Insertion: Greater Tubercle of humerus
Action: Lateral rotation and adduction at shoulder
Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5)

Front 103

Latissimus dorsi (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 103

Origin: Spinous processes of inferior thoracic and all lumbar and sacral vertebrae, ribs 8-12, and thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of the humerus
Action: Extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder
Innervation: Thoracodorsalnerve (C6-C8)

Front 104

Pectoralis major (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 104

Origin: Cartilage of ribs 2-6, body of sternum, and inferior and medial portion of clavicle
Insertion: Crest of greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Action: Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of shoulder
Innervation: pectoral nerve

Front 105

What muscles move the arm?

Back 105

Coracobrachialis
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Teres major
Teres minor
Triceps brachii (long head)
Biceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Pectoralis major

Front 106

Pronation

Back 106

Moves the wrist and hand from palm-facing-front to palm-facing-back.

Front 107

Supination

Back 107

Moves the wrist and hand from palm-facing-back to palm -facing-forward.

Front 108

Where do most of the muscles that move the forearm and hand originate? What are the two exceptions

Back 108

Originate on the humerus and insert upon the forearm and wrist.
The two exceptions are the triceps brachii and biceps brachii which originate on the scapula.

Front 109

In which position of the forearm (supinated or pronated) can the biceps brachii muscle NOT function properly?

Back 109

Pronated

Front 110

In general, where are the extensors and flexors of the forearm and wrist located?

Back 110

Extensors: posterior and lateral surfaces of the forearm

Flexors: anterior and medial surfaces of the forearm

Front 111

What muscles (flexors) flex the elbow? What nerves innervate them?

Back 111

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis

Nerves: musculocutaneous and radial

Front 112

What muscles extend (extensors) the elbow? What nerves innervate them?

Back 112

Anconeus
Triceps brachii

Nerves: radial

Front 113

What muscles (pronators) pronate the forearm and wrist? What nerves innervate them?

Back 113

Pronator quadratus
Pronator teres

Nerves: median nerve

Front 114

What muscles (supinators) supinate the forearm and wrist? What nerves innervate them?

Back 114

Supinator

Nerves: deep radial

Front 115

What muscles (flexors) flex the wrist? What nerves innervate them?

Back 115

Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Palmaras longus

Nerves: Median and ulnar

Front 116

What muscles (extensors) extend the wrist? What nerves innervate them?

Back 116

Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialus brevis
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Nerves: radial and deep radial

Front 117

Biceps brachii (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 117

Origin: Short head from the coracoid process; long head from the supraglenoid tubercle (both on scapula)
Insertion: Radial tuberosity
Action: Flexion at the elbow and shoulder; supination
Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6)

Front 118

Brachialis (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 118

Origin: Distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus
Insertion: Ulnar tuberosity and cornoid process
Action: flexion at the elbow
Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6) and radial nerve (C7-C8)

Front 119

Brachioradialis (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 119

Origin: Ridge superior to the lateral epicondyl of the humerus
Insertion: Lateral aspect of styloid process of radius
Action: Flexion at elbow
Innervation: Radial nerve (C6-C8)

Front 120

Anconeus (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 120

Origin: Posterior surface of lateral epicondyl of humerus
Insertion: Lateral margin of olecranon and ulnar shaft
Action: Extension at elbow
Innervation: Radial nerve (C6-C8)

Front 121

Triceps brachii (origin, insertion, action, innervation)
lateral head
long head
medial head

Back 121

Origin: superior, lateral margin of humerus (lateral head); infraglenoid tubercle of scapula (long head); posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove (medial head)
Insertion: olecranon of ulna (all)
Action: Extension at elbow (all), extension and adduction at shoulder (long head)
Innervation: radial nerve

Front 122

Pronator quadratus (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 122

Origin: Anterior and medial surface of distal ulna
Insertion: anterolateral surface of distal portion of radius
Action: Pronates forearm and hand by medial rotation of radius at radioulnar joint
Innervation: Median nerve (C8 - T1)

Front 123

Pronator teres (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 123

Origin: Medial epicondyl of humerus and cornoid process of ulna
Insertion: Middle of lateral surface of radius
Action: rotates forearm and hand by medial rotation of radius at radioulnar joint, plus flexion at elbow
Innervation: Median nerve (C6 - C7)

Front 124

Supinator (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 124

Origin: Lateral epicondyl of humerus and ridge near radial notch of ulna
Insertion: Anterolateral surface of radius distal to the radial tuberosity
Action: Supinates forearm and hand by lateral rotation of radius at the radioulnar joint
Innervation: deep radial nerve

Front 125

Flexor carpi radialis (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 125

Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: bases of second and third metacarpal bones
Action: flexion and abduction at wrist
Innervation: median nerve (C6-C7)

Front 126

Flexor carpi ulnaris (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 126

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus; adjacent medial surface of olecranon and anteromedial portion of ulna
Insertion: Pisiform, hamate, and base of fifth metacarpal bone
Action: flexion and adduction at wrist
Innervation: ulnar nerve (C8 - T1)

Front 127

Palmaris longus (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 127

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum
Action: Flexion at wrist
Innervation: Median nerve (C6-C7)

Front 128

Extensor carpi radialis longus (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 128

Origin: lateral suprcondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion: base of second metacarpal bone
Action: extension and abduction at wrist
Innervation: radial nerve (C6 - C7)

Front 129

Extensor carpi radialis brevis (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 129

Origin: Lateral epicondyl of humerus
Insertion: base of third metacarpal bone
Action: extension and abduction at wrist
Innervation: radial nerve (C6 - C7)

Front 130

Extensor carpi ulnaris (origin, insertion, action, innervation)

Back 130

Origin: Lateral epicondyl of humerus; adjacent dorsal surface of ulna
Insertion: base of fifth metacarpal bone
Action: extension and adduction at wrist
Innervation: deep radial nerve (C6-C8)

Front 131

What muscles provide strength and crude control of the hands and fingers?

Back 131

Extrinsic muscles of the hand

Front 132

Do extrinsic muscles cross the wrist joint?

Back 132

No, only their tendons cross the wrist joint.

Front 133

What prevents friction at the tendons that pass the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wrist?

Back 133

Elongated bursae called synovial tendon sheaths.

Front 134

What holds the tendons of the extrinsic muscles of the hand in place at the wrist?

Back 134

Two wide bands of connective tissue called extensor retinaculum and flexor retinaculum.

Front 135

What causes carpal tunnel syndrome?

Back 135

Inflammation of the retinacula and tendon sheaths at the wrist which restricts movement and irritate the median nerve, a sensory and motor nerve that innervates the hand.

Front 136

What muscles provide fine control of the hand?

Back 136

Intrinsic muscles of the hand that originate on the carpal and metacarpal bones

Front 137

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Back 137

1. flexion and extension of the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal joints
2. abduction and aduction fo the fingers at the metcarpophalangeal joints
3. opposition and reposition of the thumb

Front 138

Do any muscles originate on the phalanges?

Back 138

No. And only tendons extend across the distal joints of the fingers.

Front 139

What is the opposition of the thumb?

Back 139

Starting from the anatomical position, the thumb is flexed and medially rotated at the carpometacarpal joint. This movement brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of any other finger.

Front 140

What are the abductor extrinsic muscles of hand?

Back 140

Abductor pollicis longus

Front 141

What are the extensor extrinsic muscles of hand?

Back 141

Extensor digitorum
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Extensor digiti minimi

Front 142

What are the flexor extrinsic muscles of hand?

Back 142

Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus

Front 143

Adductor pollicis (origin, insertion, action and innervation)

Back 143

Origin: metacarpal and carpal bones
Insertion: proximal phalanx of thumb
Action: Adduction of thumb
Innervation: Ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8 - T1)

Front 144

Opponens pollicis (origin, insertion, action and innervation)

Back 144

Origin: Trapezium and flexor retinaculum
Insertion: First metacarpal bone
Action: Opposition of thumb
Innervation: Median nerve (C6 - C7)

Front 145

Palmaris brevis (origin, insertion, action and innervation)

Back 145

Origin: Palmar aponeurosis
Insertion: Skin of medial border of hand
Action: Moves skin on medial border toward midline border toward midline of palm
Innervation: Ulnar nerve, superficial branch (C8)

Front 146

Abductor digiti minimi (origin, insertion, action and innervation)

Back 146

Origin: pisiform
Insertion: proximal phalanx of little finger
Action: abduction of little finger and flexion at its metacarpophalangeal joint
Innervation: ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1)

Front 147

Abductor pollicis brevis (origin, insertion, action and innervation)

Back 147

Origin: transverse carpal ligament, scaphoid and trapezium
Insertion: radial side of base of proximal phalanx of thumb
Action: abduction of thumb
Innervation: median nerve (C6 -C7)

Front 148

Flexor pollicis brevis (origin, insertion, action and innervation)

Back 148

Origin: flexor retinaculum, trapezium, capitate, palmar ligaments of distal row of carpal bones and ulnar side of first metacarpal
Insertion: radial and ulnar sides of proximal phalanx of thumb
Action: flexion and adduction of thumb
Innervation: Branches of median and ulnar nerve

Front 149

Flexor digiti minimi brevis (origin, insertion, action and innervation)

Back 149

Origin: hook of the hamate and flexor retinaculum
Insertion: proximal phalanx of little finger
Action: flexion at fifth metacarpophalangeal joint
Innervation: ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1)

Front 150

Opponens digiti minimi (origin, insertion, action and innervation)

Back 150

Origin: hook of the hamate and flexor retinaculum
Insertion: fifth metacarpal bone
Action: flexion at metacarpophalangeal joint; brings digit into opposition with thumb
Innervation: Ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1)

Front 151

Lumbirical (4) (origin, insertion, action and innervation)

Back 151

Origin: the four tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
Insertion: tendons of extensor digitorum to digits 2-5
Action: flexion at metacarpophalangeal joints; extension at proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
Innervation: No 1 and 2 by median nerve; no. 3 and no. 4 by ulnar nerve, deep branch

Front 152

Dorsal interosseous (4) (origin, insertion, action and innervation)

Back 152

Origin: each originates from oppsoing faces of two metacarpal bones (I and II, II and III, III and IV, IV and V)
Insertion: bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2-4
Action: abduction at metacarpophalangeal joints of digits 2-4; flexion at metacarpophalangeal joints; extension at interphalangeal joints
Innervation: ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1)

Front 153

Palmar interosseous (4) (origin, insertion, action and innervation)

Back 153

Origin: sides of metacarpal bones II, IV and V
Insertion: bases of proximal phalanges of digits 2, 4 and 5
Action: adduction at metacarpophalangeal joints of digits 2, 4 and 5; flexion at metacarpophalangeal joints; extension at interphalangeal joints
Innervation: ulnar nerve, deep branch (C8-T1)

Front 154

How many and what are intrinsic muscles of the hand control the thumb?

Back 154

Four.

Adductor pollicis
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis

Front 155

Name three intrinsic hand muscles that control the small finger.

Back 155

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi

Front 156

Major extendor of arm

Back 156

Latissimus dorsi

Front 157

Flexors of arm

Back 157

Pectoralis major and coracobrachialis

Front 158

What pectoral girdle and upper limb muscles does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

Back 158

Coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis

Front 159

What pectoral girdle and upper limb muscles does the axillary nerve innervate?

Back 159

Deltoid and teres minor

Front 160

What pectoral girdle and upper limb muscles does the subscapular and lower subscapular nerve innervate?

Back 160

subscapularis (subscapular) and Teres major (lower subscapular nerve)

Front 161

What pectoral girdle and upper limb muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate?

Back 161

Supraspinatus and infraspinatus

Front 162

What pectoral girdle and upper limb muscles does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?

Back 162

Latissimus dorsi

Front 163

What pectoral girdle and upper limb muscles does the pectoral and medial pectoral nerves innervate?

Back 163

Pectoralis major and pectoralis minor (medial nerve)

Front 164

What are the abductor extrinsic hand muscles?

Back 164

Abductor pollicis longus

Front 165

What are the Extensor extrinsic hand muscles?

Back 165

(hint: think all, thumb, index finger and small finger)
Extensor digitorum
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Extensor digiti minimu

Front 166

What are the Flexor extrinsic hand muscles?

Back 166

(hint: think all and thumb)
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus

Front 167

What functions do the extrinsic hand muscles and intrinsic hand muscles perform for the thumb?
What nerves innervate these muscles?

Back 167

All thumb actions: abduction, adduction, extend, flex, opposition
Extrinsic: Abduct, extend, flex; deep radial and median nerves
Intrinsic: Abduct, adduct, opposition, flex; median and ulnar nerves

extend: only extrinsic
opposition and adduct: only intrinsic
hint: thumb flexors and extensors have brevis and longus; opponens, adduct and abduct do not.

Front 168

What are the intrinsic hand muscles for thumb?

Back 168

Adductor pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Abductor pollicis

Front 169

What intrinsic hand muscles control the little finger? What nerve innervate them?

Back 169

Abductor digiti minimu
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi

Nerve: Ulnar nerve

Front 170

What intrinsic hand muscles control most fingers and what are their major functions? What nerves innervate them?

Back 170

Lumbiricals; flexion at metacarpophalangeal joints
Dorsal interosseus: abduction at metacarpophalnageal joints
Palmar interosseus: adduction at metacarpophalangeal joints

All of them cause extension at interphalangeal joints
Nerves: median and ulnar nerves

Front 171

Difference between Palmaris longus and palmaris brevis

Back 171

Palamris longus is a muscle that moves the hand. It flexes the wrist.
Palmaris brevis is an intrinsic hand muscle that moves skin on the medial border of hand to midline of palm.

Front 172

What nerves innervate the extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscles?

Back 172

Extrinsic: Deep radial and median; one by ulnar nerve

Intrinsic: ulnar and median

Front 173

Major adductors of arm

Back 173

Pectoralis major
Latissimus dorsi

Front 174

General location where flexor muscles of wrist joint originate

Back 174

Medial epicondyl of humerus

Front 175

General location where extensor muscles of wrist joint originate

Back 175

Lateral epicondyl of humerus

Front 176

What are metatarsals?

Back 176

Five long bones that form the distal portion (metatarsus) of the foot.

Front 177

What are carpometacarpal joints?

Back 177

Five joints in the wrist that articulate the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the five metacarpal bones.

Front 178

Intercondylar fossa

Back 178

Depression between the medial and lateral condyles on distal end of femur, on the posterior surface.

Front 179

Spine

Back 179

A pointed process

Front 180

Epiphysis pg. 118
Diaphysis pg. 118
Metaphysis pg. 118

Back 180

Epiphysis - ends of compact bone
Diaphysis - shaft/body of compact bone
Metaphysis - narrow zone where diaphysis connects to epiphysis

Front 181

Fibula

Back 181

Lateral bone of leg; lateral to tibia

Front 182

Entepicondylar foramen

Back 182

An opening in the distal (far) end of the humerus (upper arm bone) present in some mammals

Front 183

Lateral malleolus

Back 183

A process at distal end of Fibula that provides stability to the ankle joint

Front 184

Linea aspera

Back 184

A prominent elevation that run along the center of the posterior surface of the femoral shaft.

Front 185

What compartments does the deep fascia divide the arm and forearm into?

Back 185

Anterior and Posterior compartments. Most muscles within a compartment are innervated by the same nerve and supplied by the same vascular element.

Deep fascia envelopes the muscles and all deeper tissue and divides each region into well defined, physically separate spaces.

Front 186

What are two other divisions of the upper extremity besides anterior and posterior compartments?

Back 186

Axilla (around armpit)
Cubital Fossa (in elbow area)

Front 187

What nerves innervate the anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments of the arm?

Back 187

Anterior: musculocutaneous nerve (a branch of brachial plexus)
Posterior: radial nerve (a branch of brachial plexus)

Front 188

What nerves innervate the anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments of the forearm?

Back 188

Anterior: median nerve (a branch of brachial plexus)
Posterior: radial nerve (a branch of brachial plexus)

Front 189

What defines the anterior and posterior compartments of arm and forearm?

Back 189

Arm: Deep fascia + intermuscular septa (joins deep fascia to humerus)

Forearm: Deep fascia + intemuscular septa + interosseous membrane

Front 190

What forms the floor and roof of the carpal tunnel passage way?

Back 190

floor: carpal bones
roof: flexor retinaculum

Carpal tunnel connects anterior forearm compartment to palm.

Front 191

1. What nerves innervate the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the upper extremity?

2. What are the surface areas innervated by these nerves called?

Back 191

1. Cutaneous branches of the nerves of the brachial plexus.

2. Dermatomes. Each ventral rami of the brachial plexus supplies a specific dermatome.

Front 192

List arteries that supply upper extremity starting from aorta

Back 192

Right extremity: Aorta -> Brachiocephalic trunk -> Subclavian artery -> Axillary artery -> Brachial Artery -> Ulnar and Radial arteries (branch from brachial artery)

Left extremity: Aorta -> Subclavian artery -> Axillary artery -> Brachial Artery -> Ulnar and Radial arteries (branch from brachial artery)

The difference between left and right upper extremity arteries is that the left subclavian artery arises directly from the aorta.

Front 193

Discuss upper extremity veins

Back 193

-have both deep and superficial veins.
-deep veins accompany the arteries, sharing their names and relative distribution
-one or two deep veins accompany artery but eventually there is a single axillary vein
-Axillary vein -> Subclavian vein -> Brachiocephalic vein
-superficial veins lie outside the deep facia of the compartments and are often visible through the skin

Front 194

Discuss upper extremity lymphatics

Back 194

There are both deep and superficial lymphatics that evential drain into either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.

Front 195

Discuss upper extremity nerves

Back 195

-nerve supply from brachial plexus
-ventral rami of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1 come together and divide, come together, divide again yielding branches of the brachial plexus.
-Branches of brachial plexus: musculocutaneous, median, ulnar and radial nerves

Front 196

What joint has the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body?

Back 196

Glenohumeral joint

Front 197

1. What four ligaments hold the clavicle in place?

2. What other features secure clavicle to sternum?

Back 197

1. interclavicular ligament
sternoclavicular ligament
costoclavicular ligament
acromioclavicular ligament

2. intracapsular disc and fibrocartilagenous disc.

Front 198

Is trauma to clavicle more likely to result in fracture or disruption of ligaments?

Back 198

Fracture

Front 199

Two presentation of fracture of lateral aspect of clavicle?

Back 199

- inferomedial displacement of the shoulder secondary to the weight of the limb
-contraction of pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi

Front 200

What kind of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Back 200

Synovial, ball and socket joint

Front 201

1. What is the fibrcartilagenous ring attached along the outer margin of the glenoid fossa?

2. What happens to it in "throwers shoulder" or SLAP (Superior Labrum Anterior to Posterior) lesion injury?

Back 201

1. Glenoid labrum; serves to mitigate shallow nature of glenohumeral joint.

2. labrum tears away from glenoid

Front 202

What forms the coracoacromial arch?

Back 202

Coracoid process and the acromion. The subacromial bursa lies with the arch superior to the supraspinatus.

Front 203

What provides the bulk of stability to the shoulder?

Back 203

Rotator cuff muscles and their common tendinous attachment.

Front 204

What is the significance of bone markings?

Back 204

Every marking provides a purpose such as muscle attachment or pathway for tendons, nerves or blood vessels.

Front 205

What muscles overlies all of the main muscles that control the arm muscles?

Back 205

Deltoid muscle. Is responsible for the outward smoothly contoured appearance of the shoulder.

Front 206

What is the function of the muscles passing from trunk to the scapula?

Back 206

Hold scapula in place and move it in relation to the trunk.

Front 207

What is the most superficial posterior trunk to scapula muscle?

Back 207

Trapezius

upper fibers elevate scapula
middle fibers retract scapula
lower fibers depress scapula

Front 208

What three trunk to scapula muscles lie underneath the trapezius?

Back 208

Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor

Front 209

What muscles define the axilla?

Back 209

latissimus dorsi, teres major and subscapularis (posteriorly), pectoralis major (anteriorly), serratus anterior (medially)

Front 210

What vein lies in the deltopectoral groove?

Back 210

cephalic vein (a major tributary of the axillary vein)

Front 211

What nerve can get damaged during dislocation of the glenohumeral joint?

Back 211

Axillary nerve; damage to nerve would lead to deltoid muscle atrophy.

Front 212

What is the axilla?

Back 212

The space between the root of the upper limb and the chest wall. Major nerves and vessels pass through the axilla as the extend distally from the next to the upper extremity.

Front 213

What is the axial bound by?

Back 213

clavicle, superior border of scapula and the first rib. The floor is bound by fascia passing between anterior and posterior walls.

Front 214

Where does part of the brachial plexus lie?

Back 214

Axilla; rest of brachial plexus lies proximal to axilla

Front 215

What are vanae comitantes?

Back 215

small, often paired veins lying alongside smaller arteries, particularly in extremities.

Front 216

What are the five nerve roots of the brachial plexus?

Back 216

C5 - C8 and T1

Front 217

How many lymph node groups in axilla?

Back 217

Three.

Pectoral group (drain lateral and anterior aspects of body wall)
humeral group (drains most of upper extremity)
Subscapular group (drains posterior aspects of body wall)

Front 218

What are the three nerves in anterior compartment of arm?

Back 218

Median, ulnar and musculocutaneous.

Only musculocutaneous innervates the biceps brachii, brachialis and corocobrachialis.

Front 219

Fundamental consideration of biomechanics

Back 219

-in order for a muscle to have effect over a joint, it must cross the joint
-the closer the joint to the proximal muscular attachment, the less leverage, and therefor, the less influence it can exert over the joint e.g. biceps brachii on glenohumeral joint.
-the closer the joint to the distal muscular attachment, the greater the leverage and therefore, the greater the influence it can exert over the joint e.g. biceps brachii at elbow joint.

Front 220

List the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint

Back 220

Accessory ligaments:
anterior sternoclavicular ligament
posterior sternoclavicular ligament

Extracapsular ligaments
-Interclavicular ligament
-costoclavicular ligament

Front 221

Interclavicular ligament (insertions + function)

Back 221

Insertions
-Interconnects the clavicles
-firmly attached to the superior border of the manubrium.

Functions:
-reinforces superior portions of the adjacent articular capsules
-prevents dislocation when shoulder is depressed

Front 222

Costoclavicular ligament (insertions + function)

Back 222

Insertions
-costal tuberosity of clavicle
-inferior margin of articular capsule
-superior and medial portions of the first rib and the first costal cartilages

Function: prevents dislocation of shoulder when shoulder is elevated.

Front 223

Does the sternoclavicular joint have an articular disc?

Back 223

Yes. The articular disc divides the sternoclavicular joint and separates two synovial cavities.

Front 224

What joint permits the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body?

Back 224

The shoulder joint

Front 225

What is the most frequently dislocated joint?

Back 225

The shoulder joint

Note: strength and stability must be sacrificed to obtain mobility

Front 226

What is the glenoid labrum? What is its function?

Back 226

Glenoid labrus is a ring of dense, irregular connective tissue that is attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity by fibrous cartilage.

Functions:
-enlarges joint cavity
-serves as attachment site for glenohumeral ligaments and the long head o biceps brachii muscle

Front 227

Articular capsule of shoulder joint (insertion + weakness)

Back 227

Extends from the scapular neck to the humerus.

Weakest at its inferior surface.

Front 228

What provides most of the stability at the shoulder joint?

Back 228

1. Ligaments

2. Surrounding skeletal muscles and their associated tendons.

Front 229

What are the major ligaments of the shoulder joint?

Back 229

1. Glenohumeral ligaments
2. Coracohumeral ligament
3. Coracoacromial ligament
4. Acromioclavicular ligament
5. Coracoclavicular ligaments
6. Transverse ligaments

Front 230

Glenohumeral ligaments (insertions and function)

Back 230

Insertions: shoulder joint capsule

Function: joint stabilization when humerus approaches or exceeds normal motion

Front 231

Coracohumeral ligament (insertions and function)

Back 231

Insertions: coracoid process and head of humerus

Function: strengthens superior part of articular capsule and helps support weight of upper limb.

Front 232

Coracoacromial ligament (insertions and function)

Back 232

Insertions: coracoid process and acromion, superior to joint capsule

Function: additional support to the superior surface of the capsule.

Front 233

Acromioclavicular ligament (insertions and function)

Back 233

Insertions: acromion to the clavicle

Functions: restricts clavicular movement at acromial end.

Front 234

Describe shoulder separation

Back 234

-A relatively common injury involving partial or complete dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint.
-Can result from a blow to the superior surface of the shoulder.
-the acromion is forcibly depressed, bit the clavicle is held back by strong muscles.
-can tear the inferior capsular wall and the glenoid labrum
-the ligament involved is acromioclavicular ligament

Front 235

Coracoclavicular ligaments (insertions and function)

Back 235

Insertions: clavicle to the coracoid process

Functions: limit the relative motion between the clavicle and scapula

Front 236

Transverse humeral ligament (insertions and function)

Back 236

Insertion: extends between greater and lesser tubercles

Function: holds don tend of the long head of the biceps brachii in the intertubercular groove of the humerus.

Front 237

Which contribute more to shoulder joint stability: ligaments and capsular fibers or muscles?

Back 237

Muscles. Do more to stabilize glenohumeral joint than ligaments and capsular fibers combined.

Front 238

Bursitis

Back 238

Painful inflammation of bursae that can restrict motion.

Front 239

Important bursae of the shoulder joint

Back 239

Subacromial and subcoracoid bursa: prevent contact between the acromion and coracoid process and the capsule.

Subdeltoid and subscapular bursa: lie between large muscles and the capsular wall.

Front 240

How many joints if the elbow joint composed of?

Back 240

Composed of two joints between the
(1) humerus and ulna (humeroulnar joint)
(2) the humerus and the radius (humeroradial joint)

Front 241

What is the largest and strongest articulation of the elbow joint?

Back 241

Humeroulnar joint

Front 242

What contributes to stability at the elbow joint?

Back 242

1. the bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock to prevent lateral motion
2. the articular capsule is very thick
3. the capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments

Front 243

Ligaments of the shoulder joint

Back 243

1. Ulnar collateral ligament
2. Radial collateral ligament
3. Annular ligament

Front 244

Ulnar collateral ligament (insertions and function)

Back 244

Insertions: medial epicondyle of the humerus to the coronoid process of the ulna and to olecranon

Function: stabilize medial surface of joint.

Front 245

Radial collateral ligament (insertions and function)

Back 245

Insertions: between lateral epicondyle and annular ligament

Function: stabilizes lateral surface of the joint

Front 246

Annular ligament

Back 246

Insertions: Annular ligament binds the proximal radial head to the ulna.

Function: holds head of radius in place.

Front 247

What are the two radioulnar joints?

Back 247

1. Proximal radioulnar joint
2. Distal radioulnar joint

Front 248

What is the largest muscle that causes movement a the radioulnar joints?

Back 248

Biceps brachii muscles. Contraction produces flexion at the elbow and supination of the forearm.

Front 249

What are the articulating surfaces of the radioulnar joints?

Back 249

1. Ulnar notch of radius
2. Radial notch of ulna
3. Articular disc (piece of hyaline cartilage)

Front 250

What holds together the radioulnar joints?

Back 250

1. A series of radioulnar ligaments
2. Antebrachial interosseous membrane

Front 251

What are the two joints that make up the elbow joint?

Back 251

Radiocarpal joint and intercarpal joint

Front 252

What bones are part of the radiocarpal joint?

Back 252

Distal articular surface of radius and three proximal carpal bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum

Front 253

What major ligaments surround the wrist and stabilize the position of the individual carpal bones?

Back 253

-Palmar radiocarpal ligament: connect radius to anterior surface of scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum
-Dorsal radiocarpal ligament: connects radius to posterior surface of scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum
-Ulnar collateral ligament: from styloid process of ulna to medial surface of triquetrum
-Radial Collateral ligament: from styloid process of the radius to the lateral surface of the scaphoid.

Front 254

What ligaments interconnect the carpal bones and connect the distal carpal bones to the metacarpal bones.

Back 254

Intercarpal ligaments and digitocarpal ligaments.

Front 255

1. What type of articulation is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb?

2. What type of articulation are the other carpometacarpal joints?

Back 255

1. Saddle-type articulation.

2. Plane joints.

Front 256

What are the articulations between the carpal bones called?

Back 256

Intercarpal joints

Front 257

1. What are the the articulations between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges called?

2. What type of articulations are they?

Back 257

1. Metacarpophalangeal joints.

2. Condylar joints.

Front 258

1. What are the the articulations between the phalanges called?

2. What type of articulations are they?

Back 258

1. Interphalangeal joints.

2. Hinge joints

Front 259

Mary falls on the pals of her hand with her elbows slightly flexed. After the fall, she can't move her left arm at the elbow. If a fracture exists, what bone is most likely broken?

Back 259

Ulna

Front 260

Sternoclavicular (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 260

Elements: Sternum/clavicle
Type of articulation: Planar diarthrosis (a double "plane joint," with two joint cavities separated by an articular cartilage)
Movements: Protraction/retraction, depression/elevation, slight rotation

Front 261

Acromioclavicular (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 261

Elements: Scapula/clavicle
Type of articulation: Planar diarthrosis
Movements: slight gliding movement

Front 262

Glenohumeral/shoulder (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 262

Elements: Scapula/humerus
Type of articulation: Ball-and-socket diarthrosis
Movements: Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, rotation

Front 263

Elbow/humeroulnar and humeroradial (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 263

Elements: Humerus/ulna and humerus/radius
Type of articulation: Hinge diarthrosis
Movements: Flexion/extension

Front 264

Proximal radioulnar (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 264

Elements: radius/ulna
Type of articulation: pivot diarthrosis
Movements: rotation

Front 265

Distal radioulnar (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 265

Elements: radius/ulna
Type of articulation: pivot diarthrosis
Movements: pronation/supination

Front 266

Radiocarpal (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 266

Elements: radius/carpal bones
Type of articulation: condylar diarthrosis
Movements: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, rotation

Front 267

Intercarpal (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 267

Elements: Carpal bone/carpal bone
Type of articulation: planar diarthrosis
Movements: slight gliding movement

Front 268

Carpometacarpal of thumb (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 268

Elements: carpal bone/first metacarpal bone
Type of articulation: saddle diarthrosis
Movements: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction, opposition

Front 269

Carpometacarpal (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 269

Elements: carpal bones/metacarpal bones II-V
Type of articulation: planar diarthrosis
Movements: slight flexion/extension, adduction/abduction

Front 270

Metacarpophalangeal (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 270

Elements: metacarpal bones/phalanges
Type of articulation: condylar diarthrosis
Movements: flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, circumduction

Front 271

Interphalangeal (elements, type of articulation, movements)

Back 271

Elements: phalanx/phalanx
Type of articulation: hinge diarthrosis
Movements: flexion/extension