Upper Extremity Joints

Front 1

synovial joints

Back 1

most common type of joint; free movement
- articulating portions - articular cartilage
- articular capsule - joint cavity - fibrous capsule with internal synovial membrane

- synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid

- reinforced by accessory ligaments (extrinsic/intrinsic)

Front 2

joint pain

Back 2

damage to well-innervated capsule, ligaments, and bone

Front 3

bursae

Back 3

limit friction/facilitate movements - subject to inflamation

Front 4

supporting structures

Back 4

- limit range of motion.
- abnormal range of motion = structural damage

Front 5

plane

Back 5

uniaxial; gliding/sliding in one plane of motion

Front 6

hinge

Back 6

uniaxial; flexion/extension in one plane of motion

Front 7

pivot

Back 7

uniaxial; rotation; rounded bone within a sleeve

Front 8

condyloid

Back 8

movement in two planes- flexion extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction

Front 9

saddle

Back 9

biaxial; allows movement in planes: flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction

Front 10

ball-and-socket

Back 10

multiaxial; great degree of mobility, flex/ext, abd, add, circumduction, internal and lateral rotation

Front 11

law of joints

Back 11

1. any muscle that crosses joint acts on that joint.
2. Hilton's law - sensory nerve supply is by nerves that supply muscles that act on joint
3. three factors responsible for joint stability : shape of articulating surfaces
- ligaments

- muscles

Front 12

sternoclavicular joint

Back 12

- saddle but functions as ball and socket

- only articulation conjoining upper extremity

- articulation = proximal end of clavicle, manubrium of sternum and 1st costal cartilage

Front 13

SC joint ligaments

Back 13

anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments - thickenings of joing capsule - supports anteriorly and posteriorly
interclavicular ligament
costoclavicular ligament

Front 14

SC joint movements

Back 14

anteroposterior, superoinferior, motion, circumduction

Front 15

dislocations of sternoclavicular joint

Back 15

rare due to strength of surrounding ligaments.
both ligaments are torn

Front 16

subluxation of SC joint

Back 16

1 of 2 ligaments torn

Front 17

acromioclavicular joint type

Back 17

plane synovial

Front 18

acromioclavicular joint articulation

Back 18

acromial end of clavicle; acromion of scapula
- joint space contains articular disc

Front 19

AC joint ligaments

Back 19

acromioclavicular ligament - superior
coracoclavicular ligament - strong bands that anchor clavicle to the coracoid process
- scapula and freelimb passively suspended from strut like clavicle

- conoid ligament, trapezoid ligament

Front 20

AC joint movements

Back 20

acromion of scapula rotates on the acromial end of clavicle

Front 21

dislocation of AC joint

Back 21

- direct or indirect force upon joint
- severe and blunt force trauma and ruptures strong coracoclavicular ligament as well as acromioclavicular ligament

Front 22

AC subluxation

Back 22

- upward forces along humers and result in rupture of acromioclavicular ligament

Front 23

glenohumeral joint type

Back 23

ball and socket, multiaxial

Front 24

GH joint articulation

Back 24

large humeral head and glenoid fossa of scapula

Front 25

GH joint mobility

Back 25

- poor articular congruency, several bursae, high degree of articular cartilage, lax joint capsule

Front 26

GH joint stability

Back 26

ring-like fibrocartilaginous labrum - increases fit, deepens socket, musculotendinous rotator cuff, ligamentous support

Front 27

GH joint ligaments

Back 27

glenohumeral ligaments (superior middle, inferior)
coracohumeral ligaments - strengthens superiorly
coracoacromial ligament - prevents superior displacement
transverse humeral ligament

Front 28

coracoacromial arch

Back 28

- so strong that humerus fracture or clavicle would happen before fracturing arch

Front 29

GH joint movement

Back 29

- most mobility

Front 30

GH joint blood supply

Back 30

anterior/posterior circumflex humeral artery, suprascapular artery

Front 31

GH joint neuralation

Back 31

- hilton's law

Front 32

dislocation of GH joint

Back 32

inferiorly and anteriorly due to coracoacromial arch - weakness of joint capsule anteroinferiorly. Axillary NERVE at risk

Front 33

shoulder impingement syndrome

Back 33

tendon of supraspinatus impinged at subacromial space - chronic overuse causing shoulder instability

Front 34

elbow joint type

Back 34

hinge

Front 35

elbow joint articulation

Back 35

humeroulnar and humeroradial

Front 36

elbow joint ligaments

Back 36

radial collateral and ulnar collateral (3 bands - posterior being weakest and anterior =strongest)

Front 37

Tommy John Surgery

Back 37

replacement of damaged ulnar collateral ligament with muscle - baseball

Front 38

elbow movements

Back 38

flexion, etension

Front 39

blood supply elbow joint

Back 39

superior and inferior collateral artery and anterior posterior ulnar recurrent artery and radial collateral artery branch of deep artery of the arm and recurrent radial artery

Front 40

innervation elbow joint

Back 40

hilton's; musculocutaneous, radial, median ulnar

Front 41

posterior dislocation of elbow joint

Back 41

- most common, torn joint capsule, ruptured collateral ligaments, bone damage
- ulnar nerve

Front 42

proximal radio-ulnar joint type

Back 42

pivot

Front 43

PRU joint articulation

Back 43

head of radius and radial notch of ulna - shares membrane with elbow joint

Front 44

PRU ligament

Back 44

anular ligametn of radius

Front 45

PRU movements

Back 45

supination,pronation, head of radius rotates within ligament

Front 46

PRU blood supply

Back 46

radial contributions to arterial network

Front 47

PRU innervation

Back 47

usculocutaneous, median n radial nm

Front 48

nursemaid's elbow

Back 48

subluxation of PRU joint - preschool children; due to a pulling od distal aspect of the child's upper limb

Front 49

wrist joint type

Back 49

condyloid

Front 50

wrist joint articulation

Back 50

- distal end of radius, articular disc, proximal row of carpal except pisiform

Front 51

wrist joint ligaments

Back 51

dorsal and palmar radiocarpal ligaments, radial collateral ligament, ulnar collateral ligament

Front 52

wrist joint movements

Back 52

flexion/ext. abd.add., circumduction, movement of wrist joint augmented by smaller movements at the intercarpal and mid carpal joints

Front 53

wrist joint blood supply

Back 53

dorsal and palmar carpal arches

Front 54

wrist join innervation

Back 54

anterior interosseous branch of median nerve, posterior interosseous branch of radial nerve, dorsal and deep branches of ulnar nervew

Front 55

wrist fractures and dislocations

Back 55

fracture of distal end common, wrist sprains common - most common ligament affected is scapholunate ligament

Front 56

shoulder dislocation and shoulder subluxation

Back 56

glenohumeral jiont

- subluxation = rupture of sternoclavicular ligaments

- dislocation = rupture of costoclavicular and sternoclavicular ligaments

Front 57

shoulder separation

Back 57

acromioclavicular joint

Front 58

shoulder displacement

Back 58

sternoclavicular joint