Upper Extremity Anatomy

Front 1

Bones that make up the pectoral girdle

Back 1

clavicle and scapula

Front 2

What is the only bone that attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton?

Back 2

clavicle

Front 3

What is the most common area of fracture for clavicle?

Back 3

lateral 1/3

Front 4

what is the purpose of the 'S' shape of the clavicle?

Back 4

*creates distance of UE from body

*allows vessels and nerves to pass through

Front 5

where does the scapula articulate with the clavicle?

Back 5

acromion

Front 6

Is the greater tubercle of the humerus medial or lateral to the lesser tubercle?

Back 6

Lateral

Front 7

The medial condyle of the humerus includes...

Back 7

*trochlea

*medial epicondyle

Front 8

The lateral condyle of the humerus includes...

Back 8

*capitulum

*lateral epicondyle

Front 9

Describe deep fascia

Back 9

*surrounds muscles

*continuous throughout the body

*has different names depending on location

*dense fibrous connective tissue

Front 10

What is the purpose of the nuchal ligament?

Back 10

Creates more space for muscles to attach to the cervical area

Front 11

Where is the nuchal ligament attached?

Back 11

Skull and spinous processes of cervical vertebrae

Front 12

Define 'reflection' of a muscle

Back 12

Cutting the origin and maintaining the insertion.

Front 13

What nerve is injured in scapular winging?

Back 13

long thoracic nerve

Front 14

Paralysis of which muscle causes scapular winging?

Back 14

serratus anterior

Front 15

Describe scapular winging

Back 15

The inferior angle and medial border of scapula stick out posteriorly, especially with weight pushing against hand with arm in flexed position.

Front 16

name the rotator cuff muscles

Back 16

*supraspinatous

*infraspinatous

*teres minor

*subscapularis

Front 17

Function of rotator cuff muscles as a group

Back 17

*create musculotendonous cuff

*protect and give stability to joint

*hold head of humerus in proper position

Front 18

Only bony articulation of upper extremity and axial skeleton

Back 18

sternoclavicular joint

Front 19

What is more likely to happen that a dislocation of the SC joint

Back 19

clavicle fracture

Front 20

Where does the clavicle articulate with the axial skeleton?

Back 20

On the manubrium and the first costal cartilage.

Front 21

What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?

Back 21

Saddle type synovial joint

Front 22

What is the purpose of the fibrocartilage disc in the sternoclavicular joint?

Back 22

*divides joint into two synovial cavities

*prevents medial displacement of clavicle

*absorbs shock of forces transmitted along clavicle

Front 23

Name the ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint

Back 23

*anterior sternoclavicular ligament

*posterior sternoclavicular ligament

*interclavicular ligament

*costoclavicular ligament

Front 24

What is the purpose of the anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments?

Back 24

to reinforce the joint capsule

Front 25

What is the purpose of the costoclavicular ligament in the SC joint?

Back 25

to reinforce the joint laterally

Front 26

What is the location of the costoclavicular ligament?

Back 26

extracapsular, lateral to the joint itself

Front 27

What is the innervation of the sternoclavicular ligament?

Back 27

nerve to the subclavius muscle and a supraclavicular nerve

Front 28

What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?

Back 28

Plane type synovial joint

Front 29

What does the acromioclavicular joint attach?

Back 29

lateral clavicle with acromion

Front 30

what is the innervation of the acromioclavicular joint?

Back 30

*lateral pectoral nerve

*axillary nerve

Front 31

Name the ligaments of the AC joint

Back 31

*acromioclavicular ligament

*coracoclavicular ligaments

-conoid ligament

- trapezoid ligament

Front 32

Where does the trapezoid ligament attach to the clavicle

Back 32

Trapezoid line on the inferior clavicle, lateral to the conoid tubercle

Front 33

Where does the conoid ligament attach to the clavicle?

Back 33

conoid tubercle on the inferior clavicle, medial to the trapezoid line

Front 34

Of the pectoral girdle, where do most dislocations occur?

Back 34

Acromioclavicular joint

Front 35

What is common term for a dislocation at the AC joint?

Back 35

shoulder separation injury

Front 36

the degree of dislocation at the AC joint depends on what?

Back 36

The degree of injury, how many ligaments torn

Front 37

Muscles that make up the posterior axillary fold

Back 37

*teres major

*latissimus dorsi

Front 38

structures that make up the apical boundary of the axilla

Back 38

*1st rib

*clavicle

*scapula

*subscapularis muscle

Front 39

structures that make up the base border of the axilla

Back 39

fleshy part of the armpit

Front 40

structures that make up the anterior wall boundary of the axilla

Back 40

*pectoralis major

*pectoralis minor

Front 41

structures that make up the posterior wall boundary of the axilla

Back 41

*teres major

*latissimus dorsi

*scapula

*subscapularis

Front 42

Structures that make up the medial wall boundary of the axilla

Back 42

*serratus anterior

*thoracic wall

Front 43

Structures that make up the lateral wall boundary of the axilla

Back 43

*interbercular groove of the humerus

Front 44

Surface anatomy of the axilla:

anterior axillary fold

Back 44

*pectoralis major and overlying skin

Front 45

Surface anatomy of the axilla:

posterior axillary fold

Back 45

*latissimus dorsi

*teres major

*overlying skin

Front 46

Purposes of the lymphatic system

Back 46

*transport extra tissue fluid back to circulatory system

*resist disease/participate in immune system

*absorption and transport of dietary fat

Front 47

describe interstitial fluid

Back 47

fluid within a tissue, between the cells

Front 48

describe lymph

Back 48

fluid collected and transported by lymphatic vessels back to circulation

Front 49

locations of lymph node clusters

Back 49

*cervical region

*axillary region

*inguinal region

*abdomen

*thorax

Front 50

function of lymph nodes

Back 50

*filtration units

*phagocytic cells remove and destroy microorganisms

Front 51

locations without lymphatic capillaries

Back 51

*CNS

*bone marrow

*teeth

Front 52

things that enter lymphatic capillaries

Back 52

*interstitial fluid

*plasma proteins

*cellular debris

*bacteria

Front 53

characteristic of lymphatic vessels

Back 53

*thin-walled

*valved

*found throughout the body

Front 54

location of lymphatic trunks

Back 54

*lumbar

*bronchomediastinal

*subclavian

*jugular

*intestinal

Front 55

name the largest lymphatic vessels

Back 55

lymphatic ducts

Front 56

location of the lymphatic ducts

Back 56

thoracic region

Front 57

name the lymphatic ducts

Back 57

*right lymphatic duct

*thoracic duct

Front 58

what structures are drained by the right lymphatic duct?

Back 58

*right head and neck

*right thorax

*right upper extremity

Front 59

what structures are drained by the thoracic duct?

Back 59

*left head, neck, thorax, UE

*abdomen, pelvis, lower extremities

Front 60

Where do the lymphatic ducts empty into the circulatory system?

Back 60

at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins

Front 61

possible causes of lymphedema

Back 61

*blockage (tumor)

*removal of lymph nodes

*pregnancy

Front 62

symptoms of lymphedema

Back 62

*excess fluid left in the tissue

*swelling

Front 63

name a potential place of metastisis of breast cancer

Back 63

axilla

Front 64

name the passageway for large nerves and blood vessels to reach upper extremity

Back 64

axilla

Front 65

name the axillary lymph nodes

Back 65

*pectoral (anterior)

*subscapular (posterior)

*humeral (lateral)

*central

*apical

Front 66

describe the course that lymph takes in the axilla

Back 66

lymph drains to pectoral, subscapular, or humeral nodes. These nodes all drain into central nodes. Apical nodes receive lymph from all other groups.

Front 67

structures drained by pectoral lymph nodes

Back 67

anterior thoracic wall and breast

Front 68

structures drained by subscapular lymph nodes

Back 68

posterior thoracic wall and subscapular region

Front 69

structures drained by humeral lymph nodes

Back 69

drain most of upper extremity

Front 70

structures drained by central lymph nodes in the axilla

Back 70

the pectoral, humeral, and subscapular lymph nodes

Front 71

which lymph nodes in the axilla receive lymph from all other nodes

Back 71

apical lymph nodes

Front 72

What percent of the breast is drained into the axillary lymph nodes?

Back 72

75%

Front 73

What does the glenohumeral joint sacrifice for mobility?

Back 73

stability

Front 74

Describe the labrum of the GH joint

Back 74

A 3mm fibrocartilage ring that surrounds the glenoid fossa inside of the joint cavity.

Front 75

What is the purpose of the labrum in the GH joint?

Back 75

Increases surface area for articulation between glenoid and head of humerus.

Front 76

What are the ligaments of the GH joint?

Back 76

*glenohumeral/capsular/Z ligaments

*coracohumeral ligament

*transverse ligament

*coracoacromial ligament

Front 77

Describe the coracoacromial ligament

Back 77

*runs from coracoid process to acromion

*stabalizes GH joint

*helps prevent superior dislocation

Front 78

Describe the glenohumeral/capsular ligaments

Back 78

*thickening of capsule on anterior side of GH joint, reinforcing the anterior side

Front 79

Describe the coracohumeral ligament

Back 79

*runs from coracoid process to greater tubercle

*thickening of GHJ capsule

Front 80

Describe the transverse ligament of the humerus

Back 80

*runs from greater to lesser tubercle

*helps hold long head tendon of biceps brachii in place

Front 81

The posterior side of the GHJ has no supporting ligaments. What supports this aspect of the joint?

Back 81

rotator cuff muscles and the deltoid

Front 82

Name the structures that compose the coracoacromial arch

Back 82

coracoid, coracoacromial ligament, acromion

Front 83

What direction of dislocation at the GHJ is least likely (other than medial)?

Back 83

Superior due to coracoacromial arch

Front 84

What direction of dislocation at the GHJ is most likely

Back 84

Anterior/inferior (arm in throwing position)

Front 85

What is the definition of a bursae?

Back 85

A flattened sac filled with synovial fluid. Often found where tendons rub against bone, ligaments, or other tendons, or where skin rubs against bone.

Front 86

Define bursitis

Back 86

inflammation of bursae

Front 87

Name the two bursae at the GHJ

Back 87

1. subacromial

2. sub deltoid

Front 88

What is the purpose of the bursae at the GHJ

Back 88

decrease friction and cushion structures

Front 89

Describe the location of the bursae at the GHJ

Back 89

outside of the joint capsule

Front 90

symptoms of bursitis

Back 90

pain, swelling, decreased ROM

Front 91

causes of bursitis

Back 91

repetitive motion

acute injury

Front 92

Define a muscle compartment

Back 92

*group of muscles surrounded by deep fascia

*common innervation

*common blood supply

*similar function

Front 93

Muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm

Back 93

*biceps brachii

*coracobrachialis

*brachialis

Front 94

What nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the arm? Where does it pass through

Back 94

Musculocutaneous nerve penetrates through the coracobrachialis posterior to anterior

Front 95

Muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm

Back 95

*triceps brachii

*anconeus

Front 96

What nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the arm, and where does it run?

Back 96

radial nerve, runs between the medial and the lateral head of the triceps brachii

Front 97

Define the boundaries of the quadrangular space

Back 97

superior: shoulder joint capsule

inferior: upper border of teres major

medial: long head of triceps brachii

lateral: surgical neck of humerus

Front 98

What runs through the quadrangular space

Back 98

a neurovascular bundle composed of the axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex artery and vein

Front 99

Define the boundaries of the triangular interval

Back 99

medial: long head of triceps brachii

lateral: lateral head of triceps brachii

superior: inferior border of trees major

Front 100

What is visible through the triangular window?

Back 100

radial nerve

deep artery and vein of arm (profundia brachii)