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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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kinethesis
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the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
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vestibular sense
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the sense of body movement and position
including the sense of balance |
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top down theory
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Familiar
Hypothesize what it is Id features to confirm |
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bottom up
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Unfamiliar
Feature Analysis Piece together features Then hypothesize |
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alpha waves
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slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain
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delta waves
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large, slow waves of deep sleep
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hallucinations
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false sensory experiences
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Sleep Apnea
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temporary cessation of breathing
momentary re-awakenings |
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narcolepsy
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uncontrollable sleep attacks
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insomnia
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persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
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dreams
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sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
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night terrors
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occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
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Sigmund frued
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The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings |
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REM Rebound
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REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation
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Posthypnotic Amnesia
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supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion |
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Hypnosis
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a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
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Ernst Weber
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Weber’s Law: Physical And perception stimulus relation
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Gustav Fechner
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Law with Physical And perception stimulus
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David Hubel
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Brain hemispheres and image processing
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Carl Jung
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Founder of Analytical Psychology
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Ernest Hilgard
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Gate Theory: Pain Management
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Torsten Wiesel
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Brain hemispheres and image processing
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continuity
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we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
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gate control theory
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the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass onto the brain, the “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers or by information coming from the brain
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near death experience
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an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death
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sensory interaction
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– the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
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vestibular sense
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the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
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grouping concepts
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the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
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figure ground
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the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
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connectedness
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because they are uniform and linked, we perceive each set of two dots and the line between them as a single unit
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closure
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we fill in the gaps to create complete, whole object triangle and circle
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Monocular cues
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depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone
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visual cliff
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– a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
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relative size
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if we assume two objects are similar in size, most people perceive that the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away
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Interposition.
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if one object partially blocks out view of another, we perceive it as closer.
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Linear perspective
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- parallel lines, such as railroads appear to converge with distance
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light shadows
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nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one seems farther away
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Relative height
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we perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away
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Relative motion (motion parallax
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– as we move, objects that are actually stable appear to move
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shape
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sometimes an object whose actual shape cannot change seems to change shape with the angle of out view
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phi phenomenon
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an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
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Perceptual constancy
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perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, sizes, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change
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Sensory deprivation and restored vision
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– the effect on sensory restriction on infant cats, monkeys, and humans suggest there is a critical period for normal sensory and perceptual development
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Color constancy
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perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
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Perceptual adaptation
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in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
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Perceptual test
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a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
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Extrasensory perception (ESP
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– the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition
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Parapsychology
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the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis
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contextual effects
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suggests that the brain can work backward in time to allow a later stimulus to determine how we perceive an earlier one
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Bottom up processing
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sensory analysis that begins at the entry level, with information flowing from the sensory receptors to the brain
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Top down processing
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analysis that begins with the brain and flows down, filtering information through our experiences and expectations to produce perceptions
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Perceptual set
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a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
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consciousness
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out awareness of ourselves and our environment
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Circadian rhythm
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the biological clock; regular bodily rythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hour cycle
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Rem sleep
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rapid eye movement sleep; a reoccurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur, Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active
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Alpha waves
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the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
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sleep
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– periodic, natural loss ofg consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia
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hallucinagins
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false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
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delta waves
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the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
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NREM sleep
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non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep
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Sleep apnea
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a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
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Night terrors
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a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three house of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered
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Manifest content
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according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).
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latent content
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according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content)
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Posthypnotic suggestion
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a suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
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dissociation
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a split in consciousness. Which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occurs simultaneously with others
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Psychoactive drug
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a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods
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Physical dependence –
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a physiological need for a drug, marked with unpleasant withdraw symptoms when the drug is discontinued
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Psychological dependence
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psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions
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