Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
230 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Primate.
|
Member of the mammalian order, including prosimians, monkeys, apes and humans, defined by a suite of anatomical and behavioral traits.
|
|
|
Evolution.
|
A change in the frequency of a gene or a trait in a population over multiple generations.
|
|
|
Biological Anthropology
|
The study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evolutionary framework.
|
|
|
Physical Anthropology.
|
Also known as Biological Anthropology
|
|
|
Hominid.
|
A member of the primate family Hominidae, distinguished by bipedal posture and, in more recently evolved species, large brain.
|
|
|
Adaptation.
|
A trait that increases the reproductive success of an organism, produced by natural selection in the context of a particular environment.
|
|
|
Anthropology.
|
The study of humankind in a cross-cultural context.
|
|
|
CLAP: Cultural, Linguistic, Archaeology & Physical/Biological
|
What are the 4 subfields of Anthropology?
|
|
|
culture.
|
The sum total of learned traditions, values, and beliefs that groups of people (and a few species of highly intelligent animals) possess.
|
|
|
What does LTVB represent?
|
Learned Traditions, Values and Beliefs that is defined as culture.
|
|
|
Biocultural Anthropology.
|
The study of the interaction between biology and culture, which plays a role in most human traits.
|
|
|
Paleoanthropology.
|
The study of the fossil record of ancestral humans and their primate kin.
|
|
|
Osteology.
|
The study of the skeleton.
|
|
|
Paleopathology.
|
The study of the diseases in ancestral human populations.
|
|
|
Forensic Anthrolopology.
|
The study of human remains applied to a legal context. - Identifying victims of genocide, murder or disasters.
|
|
|
Laetoli in Northern Tanzania.
|
Where were the ancient human-like footprints found in fossilized ash?
|
|
|
Primatology
|
The study of the nonhuman primates; their anatomy, genetics, behavior, and ecology.
|
|
|
Jane Goodall.
|
Who is the famous primatologist that studied chimps in the 60's and 70's?
|
|
|
Physical Anthropology.
|
The study of humans as biological organisms, considered in an evolutionary framework.
|
|
|
What is the importance of falsifiability?
|
When an hypothesis is falsifiable it can never be proven 100%. This allows for reworkings of the hypothesis to fit future data and discovery.
|
|
|
Falsifiability
|
What must a theory or hypotheis have to be scientifically studied?
|
|
|
paradigm.
|
A conceptual framework useful for understanding a body of evidence.
|
|
|
Linnaean system. Carolus Linnaeus built on John Ray's work to create his comprehensive classification system.
|
What is the name of the classification system used in the biological sciences today? And who invented it?
|
|
|
taxonomy.
|
The science of biological classification.
|
|
|
Binomial Nomenclature.
|
Linnaean naming system for all organisms, consisting of a genus and species label.
|
|
|
Binomial Nomenclature.
|
What is the two word Linnaean naming system called?
|
|
|
James Ussher.(Anglican Archbishop). *4004 BC God Usshered his creatures onto the earth*
|
Who set the year of creation at 4004 BC?
|
|
|
fixity or immutability of species.
|
What is the opposite of evolutionary changes in species?
|
|
|
What is so revolutionary about the idea of evolution - especially in the 1700's?
|
Evolution is counter to the idea of the immutability of species which follows from a single creation event.
|
|
|
Was Darwin the first naturalist to propose the evolution of species?
|
No, other naturalists put forth various theories that were counter to the widely held beliefs of the immutability of species.
|
|
|
Who drew on his observations of the New World to posit the idea of species changing in response to their environments?
|
Comte de Buffon - said New World animals inferior to old. *Jefferson made him out to be a buffoon for saying Europe's evolved to be better than J's
|
|
|
George Cuvier *God created all the species but sometimes a Curve-ball would get past him (like a meteorite) and He'd have to start all over again.
|
Who was a staunch creationist that explained away dinosaur bones with the concept of Catastrophism?
|
|
|
Catastrophism.
|
Theory that there have been multiple creations interspersed by great natural disasters such as Noah's flood.
|
|
|
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire correctly identified what Cuvier thought was a crocodile as a fossil. *Hilaire thought Cuvier's catastrophism was hilarious
|
.Who was the brilliant anatomist that made Cuvier look foolish over a fossil?
|
|
|
theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. *Lamarck's theory says that permanent marker on the mother will show up in the same place on her baby.
|
What was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory to explain the evolution of species?
|
|
|
Discredited theory of evolutionary change proposing that changes that occur during the lifetime of an individual, through use or disuse, can be passed on to the next generation.
|
What is the Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics?
|
|
|
Uniformitarianism.
|
Theory that the same gradual geological processess we observe today were operating in the past.
|
|
|
James Hutton and Charles Lyell. *It's not Rock Hudson! it's James Hutton who's the father of geology *Lyell showed that it took geological processes a Lllllong time to form the earth we see now.
|
Who were the uniformitarians?
|
|
|
James Hutton and Charles Lyell. *It's not Rock Hudson! it's James Hutton who's the father of geology *Lyell showed that it took geological processes a Lllllong time to form the earth we see now.
|
Who are the important influences of Darwin's from geology?
|
|
|
Because their uniformitarianism presumed a much older earth than the biblical reckoning of 6000 years.
|
Who are the important influences of Darwin's from geology?
|
|
|
Giant tortoises with different shells - depending on the islands they were confined to.
|
Besides the finches, what other interestingly variable species did Darwin discover on the Galapagos?
|
|
|
It was actually John Gould back in London who sorted the finches and discovered their were 11 species.
|
How many different finches did Darwin identify on the Galapagos?
|
|
|
adaptive radiation.
|
The diversification of one founding species into multiple species and niches.
|
|
|
Natural Selection.
|
Differential reproductive success over multiple generations.
|
|
|
Alfred Russel Wallace?
|
A naturalist who's theory of evolution was very close to Darwin's.
|
|
|
1 - Variations in a trait exist or individuals of a species vary.
2 - Variations are heritable 3 - Different traits yield differential reproductive success. |
What are the three main principles of Darwin's natural selection?
|
|
|
Fitness.
|
Reproductive success.
|
|
|
population.
|
An interbreeding group of organisms.
|
|
|
mutation.
|
An alteration in the DNA that may or may not alter the function of a cell. If it occurs in a gamete, it may be passed from one generation to the next.
|
|
|
creation science?
|
A creationist attempt to refute the evidence of evolution. (Creation science is an oxymoron, i.e. creationism is not science).
|
|
|
Why is creationism not science?
|
Because the hypothesis that something beyond observation created or helped to create the natural world is not falsifiable.
|
|
|
intelligent design?
|
A creationist school of thought that proposes that natural selection cannot account for the diversity and complexity of form and function seen in nature.
|
|
|
pedigree.
|
A diagram used in the study of human genetics that shows the transmission of a genetic trait over generations of a family.
|
|
|
Telomeres - are pieces of DNA that cap the ends of chromosomes. As an individual ages, the telomeres shorten. A cloned adult passes the already shortened telomeres to the 'offspring'.
|
What are the structures called that may be responsible for the shortened lifespan of clones.
|
|
|
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus and EUkaryotes have a neclEUs.
|
Which type of cells have a nucleus and which do not?
|
|
|
Prokaryotes.
|
Single-celled organisms, such as bacteria, in which the genetic material is not separated from the rest of the cell by a nucleus.
|
|
|
Cytoplasm?
|
In a eukaryotic cell, the region within the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus; it contains organelles, which carry out the essential functions of the cell, such as energy production, metabolism, and protein synthesis.
|
|
|
Bacteria and blue-green algae.
|
Name two Prokaryotes.
|
|
|
Somatic Cells?
|
The cells of the body that are not sex cells or gametes.
|
|
|
Gametes?
|
The sex cells; sperm in males and eggs (or ova) in females.
|
|
|
Stem Cells?
|
Undifferentiated cells found in the developing embryo that can be induced to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types or tissues.
|
|
|
Organelles?
|
Various structures found iin the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that help maintain the cell and carry out its functions.
|
|
|
totipotent stem cell can differentiate into any of the somatic cell types.
|
What does it mean to say that a cell is Totipotent?
|
|
|
olfactory mucosa lining of the nasal passages.
|
From what part of the (adult) human body have scientists recovered stem cells?
|
|
|
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
|
A double-stranded molecule that is the carrier of genetic information. Each strand is composed of a linear sequence of nucleotides; the two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds that form between complementary bases.
|
|
|
Proteins.
|
What are the structural molecules that transport molecules, antibodies, enzymes and hormones?
|
|
|
proteins
|
Complex molecules formed from chains of amino acids (polypeptide) or from a complex of polypeptides. They function as structural molecules and transport molecules, antibodies, enzymes and hormones.
|
|
|
Protein Synthesis
|
The assembly of proteins from amino acids that occurs at ribosomes in the cytoplasm and is based on information carried by mRNA.
|
|
|
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
|
Single-straded nucleic acid that performs critical functions during protein synthesis and comes in three forms:
|
|
|
Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA.
|
What are the the three forms of RNA?
|
|
|
Mitochondria
|
Organelles in the cytoplasm of the cell where energy production for the cell takes place. Contains its own DNA.
|
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
An organelle in the cytoplsam consisting of a folded membrane.
|
|
|
Ribosomes
|
Structures composed primarily of RNA that are found on the endoplasmic reticulum. They are the site of protein synthesis.
|
|
|
nucleotide
|
Molecular building block of nucleic acids DNA and RNA; consists of a phospate, sugar, and base.
|
|
|
A phosphate, sugar and base. (The bases can be either adenine, guanine, thymine or cytosine in DNA or uracil - that replaces thymine - in RNA.)
|
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
|
|
|
base
|
Variable component of the nucleotides that form the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
|
|
|
Adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. *All Tots Can Grow
|
What are the bases in DNA?
|
|
|
Adenine, guanine, uracil and cytosine
|
What are the bases in RNA?
|
|
|
Enzyme
|
A complex protein that is a catalyst for chemical processes in the body.
|
|
|
A & T G & C
(A & T made of straight lines; G & C out of curved) |
What are the base pairs in DNA?
|
|
|
A & U G & C
U comes after T |
What are the base pairs in RNA?
|
|
|
Hemoglobin
|
Protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen.
|
|
|
Hormone
|
A natural substance (often a protein) produced by specialized cells in one location of the body that influences the activity or physiology of cells in a different location.
|
|
|
amino acids
|
Molecules that form the basic building blocks of protein.
|
|
|
20.
|
How many amino acids are there?
|
|
|
9 (3x3)
|
How many amino acids are essential - they cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from diet?
|
|
|
They cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from diet.
|
What makes an amino acid 'essential'?
|
|
|
Adenosine Triphospate (ATP) an energy rich molecule to power the activities of the cell.
|
What do mitochondria produce?
|
|
|
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
|
An energy rich molecule produced by the mitochondria to power the activities of the cell.
|
|
|
It provides increased surface area within the cell for metabolic reactions to take place.
|
What is the importance of the folded-sheet structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?
|
|
|
A Nucleotide consiting of a sugar, a phospate group and a nitrogenous base.
|
What is the most basic building block of DNA?
|
|
|
Watson and Crick
|
Who formulated the model of DNA as a double helix?
|
|
|
Hydrogen bonds.
|
What holds the A-T and C-G pairings together in DNA?
|
|
|
Self-replication and protein synthesis.
|
What are the two functions of DNA?
|
|
|
Yes
|
Is Hemoglobin a protein?
|
|
|
Yes
|
Are Hormones a protein?
|
|
|
Enzymes.
|
What are the largest class of protiens in the body?
|
|
|
amino acids chain.
|
What are proteins made up of?
|
|
|
polypeptide.
|
A molecule made up of a chain of amino acids is called a?
|
|
|
Genetic Code
|
The system whereby the nucleotide triplets in DNA and RNA contain the information for synthesizing proteins from the twenty amino acids.
|
|
|
If DNA only has 4 different bases for coding how does it code for 20 different amino acids?
|
A sequence of 3 bases codes for each amino acid. The three base sequences are called codons.
|
|
|
Codon
|
A triplet of nucleotide bases in mRNA that specifies an amino acid or the intiation or termination of a polypeptide sequence.
|
|
|
Gene
|
The fundamental unit of heredity. Consists of a sequence of DNA bases that carries the information for synthesizing a protein (or polypeptide), and occupies a specific chromosomal locus.
|
|
|
Besides coding for amino acids what else do codons code?
|
Three codons signal that the protein chain is ending. One codon (TAC) codes for the amino acid methionine and also servies as an initiation codon.
|
|
|
Transcription then translation.
|
What is the two step process for synthesizing a protein?
|
|
|
Nucleus
|
Where is Transcription of the protein is done in the cell? and translation is done in the
|
|
|
cytoplasm.
|
Where is translation of the protein is done in the cell?
|
|
|
messenger RNA (mRNA).
|
What carries the transcription of a protein out of the nucleus of a cell to the cytoplasm for translation?
|
|
|
transfer RNA (tRNA)?
|
RNA molecules that bind to specific amino acids and transport them to ribosomes to be used during protein synthesis.
|
|
|
Ribosomes.
|
Where in the cytoplasm does protein synthesis occur?
|
|
|
no
|
Does all DNA code for something?
|
|
|
Chromatin.
|
The diffuse form of DNA as it exists during the interphase of the cell cycle.
|
|
|
mitosis and meiosis
|
When does DNA go from a dispersed state (chromatin) to forming chromosomes?
|
|
|
Mitosis
|
Somatic cell division in which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.
|
|
|
Meiosis?
|
Cell division that occurs in the testes and ovaries that leads to the formation of sperm and ova (gametes).
|
|
|
chromosome?
|
Discrete structures composed of condensed DNA and supporting proteins.
|
|
|
For humans there are 23 pairs of different chromosomes in every cell except the gametes. 46 since we're a Dipolid organism.
|
Who many chromosomes are present in every cell?
|
|
|
One from the mother and one from the father.
|
Since most organisms have two copies of each chromosome: where does each copy come from?
|
|
|
Centromere?
|
Condensed and constricted region of a chromosome. During mitosis and meiosis, location where sister chromatids attach to one another.
|
|
|
Diploid number?
|
What is the Full complement of paired chromosomes in a somatic cell number called ? 46 (23 pairs of different chromosomes).
|
|
|
Haploid number?
|
the number of chromosomes found in a gamete, representing one from each pair found in a diploid somatic cell. In humans the number is 23.
|
|
|
Homologous Chromosomes?
|
Members of the same pair of chromosomes (or autosomes).
|
|
|
locus?
|
The location of a gene on a chromosome.
|
|
|
alleles?
|
Alternative versions of a gene. Different alleles are distinguished from one another by their different effects on the phenotypic expression of the same gene.
|
|
|
Homozygous.
|
Having the same allele at the loci for a gene on both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes (or autosomes).
|
|
|
Heterozygous.
|
Having two different alleles at the loci for a gene on a pair of homologous chromosomes (or autosomes).
|
|
|
Interphase.
|
What is the cell phase called between times of mitosis?
|
|
|
Prophase - pre-phase
Metaphase - orderly line up in center (*military lineup) Anaphase - split up and go to opposite sides (*shows animosity) Telophase - split into two cells with own cytoplasm (they can still telephone) |
What are the 4 phases of mitosis?
|
|
|
Zygote?
|
A fertilized egg.
|
|
|
Crossing Over?
|
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during the first prophase of meiosis; mechanism for genetic recombination.
|
|
|
Recombination?
|
The rearrangement of genes on homologous chromosomes that occurs during crossing over in meiosis. Source of variation arising out of sexual reproduction; important for increasing rates of natural selection.
|
|
|
Only in the testes of males and ovaries of women.
|
Where does Meiosis happen?
|
|
|
Karyotype?
|
The complete chromosomal complement of an individual: usually based on a photograph of the chromosomes visualized under the microscope.
|
|
|
Autosomes?
|
Any of the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes.
|
|
|
Sex Chromosomes?
|
In mammals chromosomes X and Y, with XX producing Females and XY producing males.
|
|
|
Nondisjunction Error?
|
The failure of homologous chromosomes (chromatids) to separate properly during cell division. When it occurs during meiosis, it may lead to the formation of gametes that are missing a chromosome or have an extra copy of a chromosome.
|
|
|
24 chromosomes.
|
What is the Haploid number of chromosomes in human's closest living relative; the chimpanzee?
|
|
|
Monosomy - missing a chromosome as in Turner Syndrome
Trisomy - an extra chromosome is present as in Down Syndrome. |
What are the two common kinds of nondisjunction errors?
|
|
|
Turner syndrome
|
What nondisjunction error syndrome results from a missing chromosome (or monosomy) in the gamete - an X or Y is missing and the female is XO exhibiting delayed maturation, small stature.
|
|
|
Down syndrome
|
What nondisjunction error syndrome is also known as trisomy 21 occurs when indvidual has three copes of chromosome 21 rather than 2.
|
|
|
Genome?
|
The sum total of all the genes carried by an individual.
|
|
|
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
|
Method for amplifying DNA sequences using the Taz polymerase enzyme. Can potentially produce millions or billions of copies of a DNA segment starting from a very small number of target DNA.
|
|
|
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).
|
Small loop of DNA found in the mitochondria. It is clonally and maternally inherited.
|
|
|
Because the regions of the mtDNA genome (such as the D loop) that do not code for anything are highly variable and can point to evolutionary patterns between populations or even members of populations. (and there is no crossing over)
|
Why is mitochondrial DNA used by bioanthropologists.
|
|
|
Because it is found in the cytoplasm of the egg and in the tail of a sperm - which is lost (the tail) upon fertilization of the egg.
|
Why is mitochondrial DNA only passed on through the mother?
|
|
|
Structural Genes?
|
Genes that contain the information to make a protein.
|
|
|
Regulatory genes?
|
Guide the expression of structural genes, without coding for a protein themselves.
|
|
|
Genotype.
|
The genetic makeup of an individual. Can refer to the entire genetic complement or more narrowly to the alleles present at a specific locus on two homologous chromosomes.
|
|
|
Phenotype.
|
An observable or measurable feature of an organism. Can be anatomical, biochemical, or behavioral.
|
|
|
ABO blood type system.
|
Refers to the genetic systme for one of the proteins found on the surface of red blood cells. Consists of one gene with three alleles: A, B, and O.
|
|
|
Recessive.
|
In a diploid organism, refers to an allele that must be present in two copes (homozygous) in order to be expressed.
|
|
|
Dominant.
|
In a diploid organism, an allele that is expressed when present on only one of a pair of homologous chromosomes.
|
|
|
Codominant.
|
In a diploid organism, two different alleles of a gene that are both expressed in a heterozygous individual.
|
|
|
Particulate Inheritance.
|
The concept of heredity based on the transmission of genes (alleles) according to Mendelian principles.
|
|
|
Mendel's four postulates or laws?
|
1 - Heritable characteristics are controlled by particulate unit factors that exist in pairs.
2 - There are dominant and recessive particulate units. 3 - Mendel's law of Segregation 4 - Mendel's law of Independent Assortment |
|
|
Mendel's law of Segregation?
|
The two alleles of a gene found on each of a pair of chromosomes segregate independently of one another into sex cells.
|
|
|
Mendel's law of independent assortment?
|
Genes found on different chromosomes are sorted into sex cells independently of one another.
|
|
|
Linkage?
|
Genes that are found on the same chromosome are said to be linked. The closer together two genes are on a chromosome, the greater the linkage and the less likely they are to be separated during crossing over.
|
|
|
Point Mutation?
|
A change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the change of a single base to a different base.
|
|
|
Sickle Cell Disease?
|
An autosomal recessive disease caused by a point mutation in an allele that codes for one of the polypeptide chains of the hemoglobin protein.
|
|
|
Autosomal recessive disease?
|
A disease caused by a recessive allele; one copy of the allele must be inherited from each parent for the disease to develop.
|
|
|
Insertion Mutation?
|
A change in the base sequesnce of a gene that results from the addition of one or more base pairs in the DNA.
|
|
|
Deletion Mutation?
|
A change in the base sequence of a gene that results from the loss of one or more base pairs in the DNA.
|
|
|
Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases?
|
A family of autosomal dominant diseases that is caused by the insertion of multiple copies of a three-base pair sequence (CAG) that codes for the amino acid glutamine. Typically, the more copies inserted into the gene, the more serious the disease.
|
|
|
Autosomal Dominant Disease?
|
A disease that is caused by a dominant allele. Only one copy needs to be inherited from either parent for the disease to develop.
|
|
|
X-linked Disorders?
|
Genetic conditions that result from mutations to genes on the X chromosome. they are almost always expressing in males, who have only one copy of the X chromosome; in females, the second X chromosome containing the normally functioning allele protects them from developing X-linked disorders.
|
|
|
Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Disease, Tay-Sachs Disease and Phenylketonuria (PKU)
|
Name 4 Autosomal Recessive Disorders.
|
|
|
Huntington Disease, Neurofibromatosis type I
Myotonic dystrophy (form of musculor distrophy) Achondroplasia (form of dwarfism) |
Name 4 Autosomal Dominant Disorders.
|
|
|
Fragile X syndrome (severe mental retardation)
Hemophilia (bleeding disease) Lesch-Hyhan syndrome (overproduction of uric acid) |
Name 3 X-Linked Disorders.
|
|
|
Good in Birth or Noble in Heredity
|
From what Greek root meaning did the term Eugenics derive?
|
|
|
Qualitative Variation.
|
Phenotypic variation that can be characterized as belonging to discrete, observalbe categories.
|
|
|
Polygenic Traits?
|
Phenotypic traits that result from the combined action of more than one gene; includes most complex traits
|
|
|
continuous variation for a trait
|
When the trait is caused by polygenic inheritance rather than a single gene effect it is called?
|
|
|
Qualitative variation.
|
When phenotypes are different and nonoverlapping - either/or; what type of variation is this?
|
|
|
Quantitative variation.
|
When phenotypes are overlapping or continuous - appear on a continuum; what type of variation is this?
|
|
|
pleiotropy.
|
The phenomenon of a single gene having multiple phenotypic effects.
|
|
|
heritability.
|
The proportion of total phenotypic variability observed for a given trait that can be ascribed to genetic factors.
|
|
|
Phenylketonuria (PKU).
|
Autosomal recessive condition that leads to the accumulation of large quantities of the amino acidi phenylalanine, causing mental retardation and other phenotypic abnormalties.
|
|
|
natural selection.
|
Differential reproductive success over multiple generations.
|
|
|
Directional selection.
|
Natural selection that drives evolutionary change by selecting for greater or lesser frequency of a given trait in a population.
|
|
|
Stabilizing Selection.
|
Selection that maintains a certain phenotype by selecting against deviations from it.
|
|
|
Gene Flow.
|
Movement of genes between populations.
|
|
|
Inbreeding.
|
Mating between close relatives.
|
|
|
Genetic Drift
|
Random changes in gene frequency in a population.
|
|
|
Founder Effect?
|
A component of genetic drift theory, stating that new populations that become isolated from the parent population carry only the genetic variation of the founders is what effect.
|
|
|
Genetic Bottleneck?
|
Temporary dramatic reduction in size of a population or species. (Gene pool reduction)
|
|
|
Sexual Selection?
|
Differential reproductive success within one sex of any species.
|
|
|
Sexual Dimorphism?
|
Difference in size, shape, or color, between the sexes.
|
|
|
Reproductive Potential?
|
The possible offsptring output by one sex.
|
|
|
Reproductive Variance.
|
A measure of variation from the mean of a population in the reproductive potential of one sex compared with the other.
|
|
|
systematics?
|
Branch of biology that describes patterns of oranismal variation. (Taxonomy)
|
|
|
Homology.
|
Similarity of traits resulting from shared ancestry.
|
|
|
Analogous.
|
Having similar traits due to similar use, not due to shared ancestry.
|
|
|
Convergent (or Parallel) Evolution
|
Similar form or function brought about by natural selection undder similar environments rather than shared ancestry.
|
|
|
Cladogram?
|
Branching diagram shwoing evolved relationshps among members of a lineage.
|
|
|
Species?
|
An interbreeding group of animals or plants that are reproductively isolated through anatomy, ecology, behavior, or geographic distribution from all other such groups.
|
|
|
Speciation?
|
Formation of one or more new speices via reproductive isolation.
|
|
|
Biological species concept
|
Defines species as interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from other such populations.
|
|
|
Recognition species concept
|
Defines species based on unique traits or behaviors that allow members of one species to identify each other for mating.
|
|
|
Premating Isolating mechanisms (4)
|
Habitat isolation, Temporal isolation, Behavioral isolation, Mechanical incompatibility.
|
|
|
temporal isolation?
|
When the different species breed in different seasons, different months or different times of day.
|
|
|
habitat isolation?
|
When the different species occupy different habitats such as the canopy vs the forest floor.
|
|
|
behavioral isolation?
|
Courtship rituals or other mating behavior that differs from species to species.
|
|
|
mechanical incompatibility?
|
When the different species cannot mate successfully because of anatomical differences.
|
|
|
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms (RIMs)
|
Any factor - behavioral, ecological, or anatomical - that prevents a male and female of two different species from hybridizing.
|
|
|
Postmating Isolating Mechanisms (4)
|
Sperm-egg incompatibility,
Zygote inviability Enbryonic or fetal inviability Offspring inviability (dies after birth) Offspring sterility |
|
|
Anagenesis.
|
Evolution of a trait or a speices into another over a period of time.
|
|
|
Cladogenesis.
|
Evolution through the branching of a species or a lineage.
|
|
|
Allopatric Speciation?
|
Speciation occuring via geographic isolation. (gALLaPOgos isolated islands)
|
|
|
Parapatric Speciation?
|
Speciation occurring when two populations have continuous distributions and some phenotypes in that distribution are more favorable than others.
|
|
|
Gradualism?
|
Darwinian view of slow, incremental evolutionary change.
|
|
|
Macroevolution.
|
Large-scale evolutionary change over a long time period.
|
|
|
Punctuated equilibrium.
|
Model of evolution characterized by rapid bursts of change, followied by long periods of stasis.
|
|
|
Adaptationism.
|
A premise that all aspects of an organism have been molded by natural selection to a form optimal for enhancing reproductive success.
|
|
|
reductionism.
|
Paradigm that an organism is the sum of many evolved parts and that organisms can best be understood through an adaptationist approach.
|
|
|
Null Hypothesis?
|
the starting assumption for scientific inquiry that one's research results occur by random chance. One's hypothesis must challenge this initial assumption.
|
|
|
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
|
The theoretical distribution of alleles in a given population in the absence of evoultion, expressed as a mathematical equation.
|
|
|
Hardy Weinberg ratio:
|
for A and B alleles
p for frequency of A and q for frequency of B AA = p squared AB = 2pq BB = q squared |
|
|
group selection?
|
Notion (largely discredited by the rise of of Darwinian theory) that proposes that animals act for the good of their social group or their species.
|
|
|
Is group selection valid - what type of 'selection' explains altruism?
|
Group selection is not valid but kin selection or inclusive fitness explains altruistic acts by members of a species.
|
|
|
kin selection?
|
Principle that animals behave preferentially toward their genetic kin; formulated by William Hamilton.
|
|
|
William Hamilton?
|
Introduced idea of kin selection or inclusive fitness.
|
|
|
Sociobiology.
|
What field of study incorporates the concepts of kin selection and inclusive fitness?
|
|
|
inclusive fitness?
|
Reproductive success of an organism plus the fitness of its close kin.
|
|
|
Which kin share 50% of their genes?
|
Parent/child; sibling/sibling.
|
|
|
50%
|
What percentage of genes does a parent share with it's child?
|
|
|
50%
|
What percentage of genes do siblings share?
|
|
|
25%
|
What percentage of genes does an Aunt or Uncle share with it's Niece or Nephew?
|
|
|
25%
|
What percentage of genes does a grandparent share with it's grandchild?
|
|
|
12.5% or 1/8th
|
What percentage of genes do first cousins share?
|
