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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ATP
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Adenosine Tri-phosphate: Body's energy source. created anaerobically/aerobically
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Glycolysis
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Anaerobic break down of Glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules.
Net of 2ATP, 4NADH |
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Krebs Cycle
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Breaks down carbs, fats, proteins aerobically in mitochondria
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Malate Shuttle
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NADH transfers directly through mitochondria. 3 ATP are produced per NADH; 6 ATP
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Glycophosphate Shuttle
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NADH passes through to FAD making FADH which then enters the mitochondria. 2 ATP are producedd per NADH; 4 ATP
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Where are the enzymes for the Krebs Cycle located?
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The matrix of the mitochondria
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Where does glycolysis take place?
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Cytoplasm (not in organelles)
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For one glucose molecule, how many cycles does the Kreb's have to complete?
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2
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Glycolysis to Krebs
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1) Pyruvic acid enters mitochondria
2) COOH is removed 3) CO2 is formed and diffuses out 4) pyruvate attaches to Coenzyme A forming Acetyl CoA |
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What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
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Removal of Hydrogens
Recycles NAD and FAD from Krebs 3 ATP made from each NADH 2 ATP made from each FADH2 Also makes H2O |
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What is Beta Oxidation?
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The breakdown of fatty acids to create Acetyl CoA
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Essential Nutrients
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are not synthesized
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Glycogenesis
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Glycogen synthesis. Activated by insulin after a meal
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Glycogenolysis
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Glycogen breakdown. Triggered by LOW blood glucose
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What is the Immune Response?
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The body's mechanism to bacteria/ infection. 3 lines of defense to attack and get rid of the antigen/invader
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Innate Response
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- immediate response
- no memory of antigen/bacteria - uses neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes. EX: getting a sliver |
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Adaptive Response
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- slower, 2-3 days
- specific to antigen - amplifies (improves) - remembers!!** EX: chicken pox |
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B cells
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- Originate in bone marrow and migrate to lymph nodes.
- produce antibodies! |
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Memory Cells
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when come across memorized antigen, they turn into plasma cells
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Plasma Cells
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Secrete antibodies against invader (after a couple days)
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T cells
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- originate in stem cell then migrate to thymus gland
- Helper, Supressor, Delayed reaction, Cytoxic |
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How many ATP does a Fatty Acid create?
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146 (approx. four times the amount of glycolysis)
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Fatty Acid Synthesis
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Occurs in cytosol
links acetyl coA precursors together |
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Tryglycerides
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3 fatty acid chains + glycerol
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Proteolysis
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Break down of proteins
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Deamination
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Removal of an Amide (nitrogen) from an Amino Acid allowing AA to be used as fuel
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Transimination
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Transformation of one amino acid to another by changing position of some atoms.
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TCR
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T-cell receptor: recognizes whether it is class I or class II MHC
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CD4 + Tcell
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recognizes antigen in class II
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CD8 + Tcell
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recognizes antigen in class I (more abundant within body)
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Step 1 of Inflammatory Response
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Macrophage senses injury, vasodilation occurs
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Step 2 of Inflammatory Response
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Increase of Blood Flow, Permeability and Neutrophils adhere to the capillary wall.
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Step 3 of Inflammatory Response
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Transmigration of Neutrophils (go through blood vessel wall and into tissue to fight!
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Step 4 of Inflammatory Response
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Repair completed, neutrophils and most macrophages die, and blood vessel returns to normal.
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Diapedesis (Transmigration)
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Trauma/infection causes WBCs to migrate across endothelium.
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How do the neutrophils get to the injury Site? (4 Steps)
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1) neutrophil is captured
2) rolling adhesion - neutrophil is like velcro on endothelium and rolls slowly across 3) tight adhesion - creates immobilization of neutrophils 4) Transmigrates to site |
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Humoral Immunity (3 Steps)
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1) foreign protein (antigen) activates a Bcell
2) B-cells multiply making lots of plasma cells 3) B-cells change into memory cells. |
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Cell Mediated Immunity (3 Steps)
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1) Antigens identified and activate Cytotoxic cells
2) Helpers help cytotoxics multiply 3) Cytotoxic cells attach and destroy abnormal cell. They stay as memory cells. |
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Phagocytosis
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Cell engulfs solid particle (phagocyte) which then goes to the lysosome which breaks it down and releases it by exocytosis.
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Antibodies
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recognize antigens and bind to them marking them for phagocytosis.
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MHC (major histocompatibility complex)
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Membrane proteins present on ALL cells in your body. Class I and II.
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Activation of helper T-cells requires: (3 things)
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1) presentation of antigen by APC
2) binding of matching MHC proteins 3) reception by T-cell of cytokines from APC |
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Name an immunodeficient disease
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HIV/AIDS
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Hypersensitivity
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Allergies
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Autoimmunity
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Type I diabetes, Crohn's Disease
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Diffusion
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Molecules move from an area of High concentration to an area of Low concentration
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What are the 3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion through a membrane?
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Permeability
Concentration Surface Area |
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FLUX =
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PermeabilitySurface area(concentration difference)
Written as: KpA(Co-Ci) |
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Osmosis
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diffusion of water from high to love through SELECTIVE barrier
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1 Mole of glucose =
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6x10^23
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I mole NaCl = 6x10^23 but it is ionized. What is the osmolarity?
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6x10^23 of Na
6x10^23 of Cl = 2 Osmoles |
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The greater the osmolarity, the _______ the H2O of that solution
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Lower
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I mole NaCl = 6x10^23 but it is ionized. What is the osmolarity?
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6x10^23 of Na
6x10^23 of Cl = 2 Osmoles |
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The greater the osmolarity, the _______ the H2O of that solution
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Lower
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Osmolarity
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Total solutes in a solution
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Tonicity
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total NON PENETRATING solutes in a solution
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Hyper-osmotic
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More total solutes
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Hypertonic
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more non-penetrating solutes; cell shrinkage
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Hypotonic
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less non-penetrating solutes; cell swells because water goes in
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Iso-osmotic
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same number of total solutes; nothing happens to cell. Equal.
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Budding
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Like endocytosis but occurs INSIDE the cell (ICF)
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Fusion
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like exocytosis but INSIDE cell
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Facilitated diffusion
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Diffusion from high to low using energy
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Active Transport
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Against gradient - Low to High, using energy
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Secondary Active Transport
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Uses energy "indirectly" - someone pushes revolving door, you slip in without pushing it yourself
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Primary Active Transport
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Uses energy directly - you push the revolving door as you go out
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Resting Membrane Potential
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ATP-ase moves 3 positives moved out for every 2 positives moved in, creating an unequal charge - this charge difference is the RMP.
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Signal Transduction
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The process where any kind of cell coverts a signal or stimulus to another. (Tells body what to do when signal is sent out)
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Kinases
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Transfer a phosphate group from a DONOR to a SUBSTRATE
example: ATP |
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Phosphatases
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Removes phosphate group from substrate
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Phosphorylases
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add a phosphate group from an inorganic phosphate to a substrate
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Signaling Pathways; Two types of chemical messengers
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Lipid Soluable and Lipid in-soluable
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Lipid Soluable
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Hormones
Crosses membrane on its own Intracellular |
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Lipid In-soluable
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- Will not enter cell
- messenger binds to receptor on plasma membrane |
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cAMP (Cyclic Adenosine monophosphate)
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- derives from ATP
- Second messenger in intracellular transduction |
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List the 4 basic types of receptors (Insoluable messengers)
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1) Ion Channels
2) Enzymes 3) Activates Enzyme 4) Activates G-proteins |
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Ion Channel linked receptor: No messenger bound =
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ion channel closed
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Ion channel linked receptor: Messenger bound =
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Ion channel opened (allosteric modulation)
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Enzyme Receptor: No messenger bound =
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Enzyme inactive
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Enzyme Receptor: Messenger bound
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Enzyme active (Covalent modulation)
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Three Classes of Hormones
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1) Amine
2) Peptide 3) Steroid |
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Amide Hormones
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Catecholamines (Epinephrine/ norepinephrine) are released from adrenal medulla to react by fight or flight
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Peptide Hormone
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- lipid insoluable (love water, hate fat)
- Most abundant - Insulin, Glycogen - Involves Prohormone production |
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Prohormone Production
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Making bigger structure than normal hormone
- Signal - Pro - Hormone - Budding occurs and secretory vesicles released |
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Steroid Hormone
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- Lipid Soluable (hate water)
- estrogen/testosterone - Not stored in endocrine gland - Cholesterol is precursor |
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Location of receptors: Catecholamines, peptide receptors ...
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are on plasma membrane
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Location of receptors: Thyroid and Steroid receptors...
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are inside the cell
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High/Low dose of insulin means
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high/low saturation/response
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Removal of a hormone from circulation is called...
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Clearance
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Hormone secretion is controlled by what 4 factors?
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1) Ions or nutrients
2) Neurotransmitters 3) Hormones 4) Tropic hormones |
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Secondary hypo/hypersecretion is due to problem with...
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tropic hormone
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Hyper-responsiveness
Hypo-responsiveness |
Responds too well
Doesn't respond well enough (type II diabetes) |
