University Of Oklahoma Biology Test 2

Front 1

Taxonomic Species Concept

Back 1

A particular kind of organism.

Kind of vague

Front 2

Biological Species Concept

Back 2

Species are kinds of organisms
that are reproductively isolated from one another.

Not particularly good for plants and some critters.

Front 3

Ecological Species Concept

Back 3

Species occupy different
ecological niches. Widely applicable, but still has
difficulties.

Front 4

Recognition Species Concept

Back 4

Members of the same
species recognize one another as potential mates.

Better, but still limited.

Front 5

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Back 5

Species is a basal cluster of
organisms that is distinct from other such clusters and
shows a pattern of ancestry and descent.

Front 6

Genetic divergence

Back 6

is the accumulation of genetic
differences between two populations.

Front 7

Factors causing genetic divergence between
isolated populations

Back 7

Founder effect
Mutation
Genetic drift
Differential selection

Front 8

Founder Effect

Back 8

is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

Front 9

Mutation

Back 9

ny event that changes genetic structure; any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism

Front 10

Genetic Drift

Back 10

is the change in the relative frequency in which a gene variant (allele) occurs in a population due to random sampling and chance

Front 11

Differencial Selection

Back 11

The difference between the average value of a quantitative character in a whole population and the average value of those selected to reproduce the next generation.

Front 12

Patterns of Change
in a Lineage

Back 12

Anagenesis

Front 13

Anagenesis

Back 13

– Changes occur within
single lineage (no
branching)
– Gene flow

Front 14

Cladogenesis

Back 14

– Lineage splits, isolated
populations diverge
– Branching pattern

Front 15

Reproductive isolation

Back 15

is the existence of
biological factors (barriers) that impede two
species from producing viable, fertile offspring

Front 16

Prezygotic barriers

Back 16

block fertilization from
occurring

Front 17

Postzygotic barriers

Back 17

prevent hybrid offspring
from surviving or reproducing successfully

Front 18

Hybrids

Back 18

are the offspring of crosses between
different species

Front 19

Habitat isolation

Back 19

Two species encounter
each other rarely, or not at all, because they
occupy different habitats, even though not
isolated by physical barriers

Front 20

Temporal isolation

Back 20

Two species breed at
different times

Front 21

Allopatric speciation

Back 21

is initiated by a
geographic barrier between individuals from
two natural populations.

Front 22

Sympatric speciation

Back 22

takes place in a single
geographic area.

Front 23

Polyploidy

Back 23

is the presence of extra sets of
chromosomes due to accidents during cell
division

Front 24

autopolyploid

Back 24

is an individual with more
than two chromosome sets, derived from one
species

Front 25

allopolyploid

Back 25

is a species with multiple
sets of chromosomes derived from different
species

Front 26

hybrid zone

Back 26

is a region in which members of
different species mate and produce hybrids

Front 27

Important root functions:

Back 27

– Anchor the plant
– Absorb minerals and water
– Store organic nutrients

Front 28

stem

Back 28

an organ consisting of node and internodes

Front 29

node

Back 29

the points at which leaves are
attached

Front 30

internode

Back 30

the stem segments between
nodes

Front 31

dermal tissue

Back 31

In nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue system
consists of the epidermis

Front 32

vascular tissue

Back 32

The vascular tissue system carries out longdistance
transport of materials between roots and shoots

Front 33

Ground Tissue

Back 33

Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular
are the ground tissue system

Front 34

Morphogenesis

Back 34

is the development of body
form and organization

Front 35

The three developmental processes of growth

Back 35

morphogenesis, and cellular differentiation
act in concert to transform the fertilized egg
into a plant

Front 36

What is a Plant?

Back 36

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular (depending on where you put
green algae)
• Autotrophic (generally, there are some
parasitic plants)

Front 37

Land plants evolved from green algae

Back 37

Green algae called charophytes are the closest
relatives of land plants based on nuclear and
chloroplast genes.

Front 38

Derived Traits of Plants

Back 38

– Alternation of generations (with multicellular,
dependent embryos)
– Walled spores produced in sporangia
– Multicellular gametangia
– Apical meristems

Front 39

Innovations Related to Invasion of Land

Back 39

– Waxy Cuticle
– Root systems (symbioses with fungi may have
helped before roots evolved)
– Shoot systems
– Vascular Tissue (support & transport)
– Stomata
– Pollen
– Seeds

Front 40

Seedless Vascular Plants

Back 40

• There are two phyla of
seedless vascular plants:
– Phylum Lycophyta includes
club mosses, spike mosses,
and quillworts
– Phylum Pterophyta includes
ferns, horsetails, and whisk
ferns and their relatives

Front 41

Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land

Back 41

– Reduced gametophytes
– Heterospory
– Ovules
– Pollen
And of course SEEDS

Front 42

Heterospory

Back 42

The ancestors of seed plants were likely
homosporous, while seed plants are heterosporous

Front 43

Megasporangia

Back 43

produce megaspores that give
rise to female gametophytes

Front 44

Microsporangia

Back 44

produce microspores that give
rise to male gametophytes

Front 45

complete vs incomplete

Back 45

Flowers with all 4 whorls= complete

Flowers lacking a whorl = incomplete

Front 46

Perfect vs Imperfect

Back 46

Flowers with both fertile whorls = perfect

Flowers lacking a fertile whorl = imperfect

Front 47

Self-incompatibility

Back 47

results when pollen and stigma
recognize each other as genetically related and
pollen tube growth is blocked.

Front 48

Hermaphroditic

Back 48

• Homoecious
• Monoecious
• Andromonoecious
• Gynomonoecious

Front 49

Unisexual

Back 49

• Androecious
• Gynoecious

Front 50

Hermaphroditic: Homoecious or Monoecious

Back 50

• Dioecious
• Androdioecious
• Gynodioecious