Units 1-5 Psych Midterm07

Front 1

5 perspectives are..?

Back 1

neuroscience, psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive

Hint 1

never pee behind his car
unit 1

Front 2

neuroscience perspective

Back 2

for every behavior/action >>corresponding physical/chemical events that occur in the brain

Hint 2

neuro=brain
unit1

Front 3

psychodynamic perspective

Back 3

unconscious forces effect on behavior, unconscious drives.. Freud

Hint 3

u may really b a psycho, ur just not aware of it...
unit1

Front 4

behavioral perspective

Back 4

only study what's observable, behavior = responses to stimuli

Hint 4

what do u study?
unit1

Front 5

humanistic perspective

Back 5

whole person is important--including individual subjective experiences; ppl are naturally good, society ruins it..

Hint 5

HUMANistic, humanity
unit1

Front 6

cognitive perspective

Back 6

"conocer" how we think/how we come to know, ie artificial intelligence

Hint 6

"conocer"
unit1

Front 7

2 types of research

Back 7

1. Basic: not sure, don't know what exactly is going to come out of it
2. Applied: purposeful, specific problem to solve

Hint 7

unit1

Front 8

proffesion organization for psych ppl is?

Back 8

APA: American Psychological Assosciation--posted info, psych community, regulations

Hint 8

APA
unit1

Front 9

3 types of research

Back 9

1. Descriptive: describe the systematic observation +/or data collection ie case studies, surveys
2. Correlation: more focused>>find relationships (-1 0 +1) b/w variables -- statistics, NOT cause & effect
3. Experimental: most focused>> find connections b/w variables then manipulate--scientist actively controls the situation

Hint 9

descriptive, correlational, experimental
unit1

Front 10

theory vs hypothesis

operational definition

Back 10

theory is an idea based fr...
hypothesis is testable
*"operational definition"=your procedure

Hint 10

unit1

Front 11

lab vs field research

Back 11

more control in lab vs more natural in field research

Hint 11

unit1

Front 12

3 methods of psych measurement

Back 12

self-reports: ppl document themselves, possibly misjudged/estimated
behavioral observation: observing/reading someone's behavior, assumptions made to connect actions w meaning
archival research: collecting/analyzing years of activity that's already occured, hence uninfluenced by presence of person

Hint 12

self reports, behav obs, arch research
unit1

Front 13

independent vs dependent variable

Back 13

independent variable>>difference, or manipulated
dependent variable>>being measured

Hint 13

unit1

Front 14

other scientific method important things

Back 14

random sample, exp + control situations, random assignments, replication, generalizability

Hint 14

unit1

Front 15

ethics

Back 15

humans or animals
>>privacy, pain/discomfort, deception

Hint 15

unit1

Front 16

Genie!

Back 16

-primarily descriptive research
-tests: sleep spindles (retarded fr birth?), mental tests high, word pairing/flashcards, ability to form relationships + progression *also David Rigler's wife--seeing if she could remember her past
-difficulties: ethics, lawsuit, loss of funding, don't know if she was retarded fr birth, forbidden experiment, research mixed w treatment

Hint 16

unit1

Front 17

Miligram's experiment!

Back 17

goal: compare obediance in Us to that of Germany--Hitler..
Setup: miligram in complete control of situation, manipulated place/complaints/ whether u could see him..
Data: measured obediance to authority according to what level volts the teacher would go to + observe their behav
*never went to Germany

Hint 17

bzzzzz ow! k 800 volts now?
unit1

Front 18

who was Pavlov-- what did he do?

Back 18

noticed dogs salivating b/f receiving actual food >> discovered classical conditioning >> gets dogs to salivate to a bell

Hint 18

dogs, salivating
unit2

Front 19

acquisition

Back 19

the formation of a learned responses to a stimulus

Hint 19

classical cond
unit2

Front 20

extinction

Back 20

if conditioned stimulus (CS) freq. occus w/o US >> its response-eliciting ability is lost

Hint 20

classical cond
unit2

Front 21

generalization

Back 21

after conditioned to respond to one stiumulus, the CS is slightly tweaked but subj has same CR ie Little Albert

Hint 21

classical cond
unit2

Front 22

discrimination

Back 22

the ability to tell the difference b/w different stimuli

Hint 22

classical cond
unit2

Front 23

how to classically condition

Back 23

Before
US >> UR
NS >> nothing

pairing:
US + NS >> UR

after:
CS >> CR

Hint 23

unit2

Front 24

biological preparedness

Back 24

every animal is biologically prepared by evolution to learn some things better than others

Hint 24

classical cond
unit2

Front 25

cognitive representations

Back 25

subject must learn one event signals the next >> there must b a reliable predictive relationship b/w CS + US

Hint 25

classical cond
unit2

Front 26

operant conditioning

Back 26

trying to in/decrease behavior through reinforcement or punishment

Hint 26

unit2

Front 27

+/- reinforcement/punishment
>>4 types of consequences

Back 27

+ adding - subtracting/taking away
reinforcement: increase behavior
punishment: decrease behavior

*main principles of behaviorism

Hint 27

unit2

Front 28

4 types of schedules of reinforcement

Back 28

fixed: set vs. variable: average
ratio: # reps vs. interval: time

*fixed ratio=for every 2 As, $25
*variable ratio=avg of $25 for every 2 As
*fixed interval=every week of school, $25
*variable interval=every week of school, an average of $25

Hint 28

op cond
>>fixed/variable interval/ratio
unit2

Front 29

locus of control

Back 29

internal: you control
external: destiny, fate

Hint 29

internal vs external
unit2

Front 30

observational learning

Back 30

when one learns by observing + modeling the behav of others ie Bobo doll study

Front 31

"Little Brother Is Changing You"
>>different examples

Back 31

Rosenberg working w kids @ Visalia (Jess) >> teach them to suck up to teachers reinforce their kind behav >> results: first more + less - behav, after 6 weeks students stopped behav + teacher's behav went extinct + dropped - increased
also... kids op cond parents, kids op cond other kids (Peggy to make friends)...
*client can't know about the technique

Hint 31

op cond
unit2

Front 32

Skinner

Back 32

operational condictioning!!
ie training pidgeons, air crib for his baby Deborah, teaching machine

Hint 32

unit2

Front 33

neuroscience vs behavioralism

Back 33

neuroscience: neuromarketing, mirror neurons, how the brain responds to advertizing, thought/feeling > corresponding phys/chem event in brain

behav: observational learning, imitating others+ seeing the conseqs of their behav, classical cond

Hint 33

unit3--studyguide

Front 34

Divisions of nervous system

Back 34

central (location): spinal cord + brain
peripheral (function): autonomic + somatic

autonomic: parasympthatic + sympathetic

Hint 34

unit3--syllabus

Front 35

autonomic

somatic

Back 35

autonomic (self-regulated actions of organs + glands): divided further into sympathetic--energizing and parasympathetic--calming

somatic (voluntary movemetns of skeletal muscles)

Hint 35

unit3--syllabus

Front 36

sensory neurons

Back 36

neurons that send signals from the senses, skin, muscles, + internal organs to the CNS

Hint 36

S
unit3--syllabus

Front 37

motor neurons

Back 37

neurons that transmit commands from the CNS to the muscles, glands, and organs

Hint 37

unit3--syllabus

Front 38

how the neuron functions
(use vocab)

Back 38

signal passes through synapse to dendrites of the neuron through the axon (covered w myelin sheath insulator) to the axon terminals
next, once the neuron has reached its threshold (all or nothing law)>> action potential and goes from resting to firing

Hint 38

unit3--syllabus

Front 39

how synapses + neurotransmitters function (use vocab)

Back 39

axon terminals have vesicles containing nuerotransmitters that must cross the synapse to receptor sites on the dendrites of the next neuron
*excitatory neurotransmitters>fits into the receptors + exites the next cell
*inhibitory neurotransmitters>blocks/inhibits the next cell fr firing, needed to control amount of firing

Hint 39

unit3--syllabus

Front 40

GABA

Back 40

epilepsy/seizures involve uncontrollable firing in the brain, lack of inhib neurotr.s>> Jason given anticonulsant drugs to increase GABA to act as inhib.

Hint 40

jason from movie
unit3

Front 41

endorphins

Back 41

naturally released when body experiences pain, really happy emotions, or prolonged exercise >> inhibitory neurotransmitters, stop pain messages making you feel like in a euphoria ~effects as morphine

Hint 41

unit3

Front 42

brain research techniques

Back 42

electrodes>>ie determine where seizures are occuring to remove it in surgery **electrodes record a sketch of the brain on paper--EEG
brain imaging>>ie MRI for 3D images, PET show diff areas light up during diff activities (split brain patients)

Hint 42

diff patients
unit3--studyguide

Front 43

Brain stem (parts + functions)

Back 43

Pons>sleep + arousal
Medulla>vital involuntary functions
(Reticular formation)
Cerebellum>motor coordination

Hint 43

unit3--syllabus

Front 44

Midbrain (parts + functions)

Back 44

aka limbic system!!!
thalamus>sensory relay station
hypothalamus>regulates glands, autonomic NS
hippocampus>memory formation
(amygdala>fear, anger, agression)

Hint 44

aka limbic system
unit3--syllabus

Front 45

Cerebral cortex
-each lobe + its cortexs/functions

Back 45

4 lobes>>
Frontal lobe: motor cortex (motion), assosciation cortex (integrating info), Broca's area
Temporal lobe: auditory cortex (hearing), Wernicke's area
Parietal lobe: somatosensory cortex (feeling your body), assosciation cortex (depth)
Occipital lobe: visual cortex (vision)

Hint 45

Frankie took pam's orange
unit3--syllabus

Front 46

Phineas Gage

Back 46

-severing his frontal lobe + limbic system
>>no pain: perhaps endorphins blocked substance P from firing nerve cells
>>limbic firing messages + then uninhibited by frontal lobe
-not himself, weak on right side, affinity for animals

Hint 46

metal rod thru his head
unit3

Front 47

neural disorders

Back 47

hydroencephelitis: "water brain swelling" ie Sharon + Nicole, same damage, diff effects>>plasticity

epilepsy: seizures, electrical storm, lack of inhib neurotransmitters--uncontrollable firing

Hint 47

hydroencephelitis
epilepsy
unit3--studyguide

Front 48

Split-brain research

Back 48

>>by seeing which parts light up during which activities>> determine diff specialties of each hemi of brain (aka celebral lateralization)

--severed corpus callosum

Hint 48

unit3--syllabus, studyguide

Front 49

left brain

Back 49

mostly language (reading, writing, speaking), sees parts, logic, math, analogies
-corr. w right hand + visual field

Hint 49

L for..
unit3--studyguide

Front 50

right brain

Back 50

holistic, creative, visual-spatial, music, art, recognition of faces/emotions, drawing 3D objects
-corr. w left hand + vidual field

Hint 50

not left
unit3--studyguide

Front 51

perceptual process

Back 51

stimulus-sensation-perception
*ppl may percieve w/o awareness ie blindsight
*stimulus--acually seeing the light

Hint 51

3 parts
unit4

Front 52

haptic system

Back 52

touch: senses:
>>pain
>>warm/cold
>>pressure/equilibrium/kinesthesia

Hint 52

haptic system handout/chart
unit4

Front 53

proprioception
-define
-includes..

Back 53

perception of oneself
=pressure + equilibrium + kinesthesia

**kinesthesia= feeling stretching/contracting of muscles + tendons to determine position or load

Hint 53

proprio ception
pressure+equilib+kinesthesia
unit4 haptic handout/chart

Front 54

visual pathway to brain

Back 54

light enters eye through pupil + forms upside down backwards on the retina >>sent as a signal by optic nerve through the optic chaism >>to visual cortex where feature detectors recognize lines + movement >> then to parietal cotex to det. depth + relative location >> then to temporal lobe for identity >> then to frontal lobe for face recognition + short term memory

Hint 54

light in thru.. to... to.......
unit4--kat's studyguide

Front 55

prosopagnosia

Back 55

a condition due to damage to temporal lobes where a person has face recognition issues
>>still effected by faces, + moreso by familiar faces

Hint 55

unit4 (but in unit5--studyguide)

Front 56

blindsight

Back 56

a condition due to damage to visual cortex where a person encodes visual info w/o awareness
>>actually can see, just not aware

Hint 56

unit4 (but in unit--studyguide)

Front 57

Freud

Back 57

dreams=wish fullfillment
-manifest vs latent (uncons) content
-id: animal drives, ego: rational self, super ego: conscious
-driven by uncons drives

*opposite of Hobson + McCarly's activation synthesis theory

Hint 57

dreams
unit5--studyguide

Front 58

rods vs cones

Back 58

*both found in retina
rods: b-w light
cones: color

Hint 58

unit4--assgn3 "Vision" table

Front 59

rules of perception/vision
>>>know these!

Back 59

perceptual organization: figure/ground + Gestalt rules of grouping (proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, common fate)

Perceptual constancy: size + shape

Depth + Demension: binocular depth cues (convergence, binocular disparity), monocular depth cues (relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective, interposition, atmos persp, relative elevation, familiarity)

Perceptual set

Hint 59

study the table
unit4--assgn5 what rules we percieve...

Front 60

NEXT: study unit5 in detail
-then 3 sits for essay 1
-opinions for essays 2 + 3

Back 60

goooooood luck
chill.

Hint 60

:)