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219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nativism |
putting interests of native-borns first |
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Isolationism |
a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs |
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Communism |
an economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship |
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Anarchists |
people who opposed any form of government |
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Sacco and Vanzetti |
Italian immigrants and anarchists who were charged with robbery/murder and executed |
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Quota System |
established the maximum # of people who could enter the US from each foreign nation |
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John J. Lewis |
leader of the United Mine Workers of America, got mine workers 27% pay increase |
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The Klu Klux Klan |
wanted to Keep America for Americans, racist group |
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The Emergency Quota Act |
cap on immigration, keep out Eastern and Souther Europeans |
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Immigration Act |
amended version of The Emergency Quota Act by Coolidge, lowers nationality rate |
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Prohibition |
ban on sale, production, etc. of alcohol which later failed due to the corruption of government, difficulty to enforce, crime increase, need for revenue |
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Speakeasy |
a place that illegally sold alcohol |
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Bootlegger |
someone who illegally sold alcohol |
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"Wets" |
anti-prohibtion |
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"Drys" |
pro-prohibition |
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Alchohol's role in US |
root of nation's problems, supposedly cause of corruption, unemployment... unpatriotic or rather German to be pro-alcohol |
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Progressive movement |
believers that alcohol was cause of US problems |
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Flapper |
you woman who embraced new fashions |
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Double Standard |
stricter standards of behavior for women, housework for women, inequality but new opportunities |
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1920's Family Changes |
birth-rate drop, technology household innovations, marriage based on love, social adaptions |
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Harlem renaissance |
artistic and literary movement celebration African-American culture |
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Marcus Garvey |
believed blacks should form a separate society |
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Langston Hughes |
black poet |
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Paul Robeson |
black actor |
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Louis Armstrong |
black jazz musician |
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Duke Ellington |
black pianist and composer |
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Bessie Smith |
black female blues singer, highest paid |
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Price Support |
government would buy surplus of goods then sell it on world market |
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Credit |
consumers buy now and pay later, reason for Great Depression |
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Alfred E. Smith |
Democrat who rang against Herbert Hoover in 1928 Election |
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Dow Jones Industrial Average |
barometer of stock market's health |
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Speculation |
buying stocks at chance of quick profit while ignoring risks |
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Buying on Margin |
paying small % of stock's pice (down payment) then borrowing rest |
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Black Tuesday |
October 29th, 1929 day the stock market crashed |
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Great Depression |
1929-1940 when economy plummeted and unemployment skyrocketed, world wide crisis because all nations were effected by America's inability to import/trade |
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Hawley- Smoot Tariff Act |
protect American farmers from foreign competition, highest tariff, world trade fell |
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Herbert Hoover |
Republican, urged Americans to remain optimistic about economy, didn't believe in direct aid but charitable acts "too little too late" believed government should encourage cooperation, not control it |
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Shantytown |
little towns of shacks made of junk |
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Soup Kitchen |
of free or low cost foods |
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Bread Line |
people waiting for food from charitable org. |
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Dust Bowl
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region hit hardest by droughts and high winds of Great Plains |
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Direct Relief |
food/cash provided to poor from government |
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Latinos |
immigrated back to Mexico because they suffered most from unemployment |
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Psychological effect |
family emphasized unity, men lost pride, some lost will to survive, achieving financial stability became sole purpose |
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Boulder Dam |
Hoover's project which provided electricity, flood control, water supply, CA agriculture economy + |
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Federal Home Loan Act |
lowered mortgage rates and allowed farmers to get loans |
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Reconstruction Finance Corporation |
$2 billion for emergency financial for banks/large corporation to help average citizens |
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Bonus Army |
WWI vets went to D.C. to support Patman Bill and get bonuses early, supposedly criminals in Hoover's eyes and had them gassed --> outrage to America |
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
Democratic candidate who beat Hoover, 2 term governor of NY, "can do" |
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New Deal |
Roosevelt's program to alleviate the Great Depression |
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Glass- Steagall Act |
provided insurance for individual banking accounts to $5000, reassured bankers that their money was safe |
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Federal Securities Act |
required corp. to provide complete info on stocks |
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Agricultural Adjustment Act |
raise crop prices by lowering production, farmers were paid to not grow |
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Civilian Conservation Corps |
put men 18-25 to work so they could send wages to their family at home, food/lodging paid for |
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National Industrial Recovery Act |
provided money to states to create jobs, failed to help unemployment |
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Deficit Spending |
spending more money than government receives in revenue |
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Huey Long |
against FDR/ New Deal, part of American Liberty League |
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Hundred Days |
period of intense activity, 15 pieces of legislation passed, expanded government's role in nation's economy |
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Fireside Chats |
Roosevelt's relatable talks about nation's economy and how it's important to have public support |
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Home Owners Loan Corp |
government loans to homeowners facing forclosure |
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Federal Emergency Relief Administration |
provided directed relief to needy in direct contrast to Hoover's views |
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court packing bill |
Roosevelt wanted to turn court pro-New Deal and hired Hugo S. Black (justice) |
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Eleanor Roosevelt |
social reformer of humanitarian and political things |
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Works Progress Administration |
created jobs quickly, especially art based |
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Dorothea Lange |
photographer who documented American life during GD/ ND |
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National Youth Adminstration |
provided education, jobs, counseling, and recreation to young people |
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Wagner Act |
re-established the NIRA provision of collective bargaining, protected rights of workers to join unions, prohibited unfair labor practices |
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Social Security Act |
insurance for retirees, unemployment, and aid |
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Second New Deal |
more extensive relief for farmers and workers |
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Election of 1936 |
African Americans vote Democratic for first time |
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Soil Conservation and Domestic allotment Act |
paid farmers to but production |
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Farm Security Administration |
loaned $1 billion to help tenant farmers |
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Fair Labor Standards Act |
max 40 hrs a week/ minimum wage/ rules for under 16 |
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Securities and Exchange Commission |
prevented people w/ inside info from rigging stock market |
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Totalitarianism |
individuals have no rights and the gov suppressed |
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Joseph Stalin |
controller of Soviet Union, created industrial power |
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Benito Mussolini |
established totalitarian regime in Italy |
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Fascism |
nationalism and interest of people below state |
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Adolf Hitler |
lleader of the National German Socialist Worker's Party |
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Nazism |
German form of fascism based on extreme nationalism |
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Militarist in Japan |
in control of Japan's gov, wanted more land, controlled Manchuria, China |
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Francisco Franco |
led Spanish army to rebellion, civil war |
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Neutrality Acts |
to keep U.S. out of future wars, outlawed arm sales to nation @ war |
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Reciprocal trade Agreement |
lowered trade barriers by giving FDR the power to make trade agreements |
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Neville Chamberlain |
British Prime Minister, signed Munich Agreement with Hitler |
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Appeasement |
giving up principals to pacify an aggressor |
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Winston Churchhill |
Chamberlain's political rival, did not agree with Munich Agreement |
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Nonaggression Pact |
between Stalin and Hitler |
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Blitzkrieg |
"lightning war" Hitler's military tactic |
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Phony War |
France and GB waiting for something to happen after France attacks Poland |
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Charles de Gaulle |
French general who sets up government in exile |
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Munich Agreement |
Germany annexed (added Sudentenland in Czchoslovakia) GB and France signed with Hitler to avoid war |
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Battle of Britain |
German air force drops bombs on Poland, retreats when British Royal Air Force fights |
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Holocaust |
murder of 11 million people across Europe, specifically Jews |
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Kristallnacht |
"Night of Broken Glass" when Nazi troopers attacked Jewish homes, etc |
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Genocide |
deliberate killing of population |
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Ghetto |
segregated Jewish area |
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Concentration Camp |
labor camp |
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Final Solution |
genocide of non-Aryans |
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Nuremberg Laws |
stripped Jew of their German citizenship and rights |
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Axis Powers |
German, Italy, Japan |
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Allied Powers |
US, France, GB |
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Lend-lease Act |
president would lend/lease arms to any country whose defense was vital to US |
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Atlantic Charter |
US and GB pledge to security, self-determination, economic cooperation, freedom of seas between 26 nations |
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Embargo |
official ban of trade, with Japan for oil |
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Pearl Harbor |
Dec. 7th, 1941 massive destruction, two waves of Japanese planes, US's official entry in World war 2 |
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"cash-and-carry" |
allowed nations to buy US arms if they pay cash and transport themselves |
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Selective Training and Service Act |
the 1st draft |
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Hideki Tojo |
leader of Japan promised peace with US but attacked at Pearl Harbor anyways |
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George Marshall |
General, pushed for Women's Auxiliary Army |
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Women's Auxiliary Army corp |
women volunteers to serve in noncombat |
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A. Phillip Randolph |
nation's respected black labor leaders |
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Manhattan Project |
code name for research on the development of atomic bomb |
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Office of Price Administration |
fought inflation by freezing prices on goods |
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War Production Board |
ensured armed forces received resourced they needed to win, industries converted to war prodcution |
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Rationing |
allotments of goods in essential for military |
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Scientist inventions |
sonar, radar, pesticides, penicillin, atomic bomb |
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Dwight D. Eisenhower |
led Operation Torch in North Africa |
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Erwin Rommel |
German general |
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tuskegee Airmen |
all-black Squadron, fought Luftwaffe |
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D-Day
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June 1944 in Normandy, France, largest operation, bloodiest at Omaha Beach --> to liberate Paris |
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Omar Bradley |
unleashed bombardment on D-Day |
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George patton |
advanced on D-Day |
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Battle of The Bulge |
German tanks drove into Allied territory to create expansion of borders, retreat |
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V-E Day |
Victory in Europe Day, May 1945 |
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Harry Truman |
took over after FDR died |
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Operation Torch |
invasion on Axis- controlled North Africa, Afrika Korps surrendered |
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Douglas MacArthur |
Allied general in the Phillippines |
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Chester Nimitz |
commander of naval forces in Pacific, Battle of Midway |
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Battle of Midway |
Japanese retreat because US breaks their secrets code and defeats which leads to Allied island hopping, TURNING POINT |
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Kamikaze |
Japanese pilots crashed planes with bombs in Allied ships |
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Rober Oppenheimer |
led Manhattan Project |
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Hiroshima |
"Little boy" city destroyed by Allied |
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Nagasaki |
"Fat Man" against city destroys Emperor Hirohito surrenders |
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Yalta Conference |
FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet to talk about Germany |
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Nuremberg Trial |
Hitler's official tried |
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Doolittle's Raid |
raid on Tokyo, surprised Japanese |
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Battle of Leyte |
Imperial Navy suffers heavy losses, defense of Japanese mainlands decreases |
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Iwo Jima |
bombs able to reach Japan from this location, last obstacles preventing Allies from invading Japan |
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Okinawa |
foretaste of invasion of Japan |
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United Nations |
developed by FDR, Stalin joins while allies with FDR |
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GI Bill of Rights |
provided edu for veterans |
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Congress of Racial equality |
confronted urban segregation in North |
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Internment |
forced confinement of Japanese Americans after Pearl Harbor |
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Japanese American Citizens League |
pushed gov to compensate for those to live in internment camps... ended up being $20,000 as apology |
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Thurgood Marshall |
lawyer for NAACP |
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Brown V. board of Ed. of Topeka |
Linda Brown denied access to white school, segregation in schooled ruled as violation of 14th Amendment |
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Rosa Parks |
resistance on bus, lead to Montgomery Bus Boycott |
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Martin Luther King |
led Mont. Bus Boycott then Southern Christian Leadership Conference |
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference |
non-violent protests |
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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee |
national protest group |
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sit-in |
protestors sat down at segregated lunch counters, media covered ugliness |
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Plessy v. Fergsuon |
"separate but equal" laws |
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Little Rock Nine |
Arkansas tried to desegregate school, Gov. Faubus called National Guard, Eisenhower sent protection |
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Montgomery Bus Boycott |
Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation |
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MLK inspirers |
Gandhi, Jesus, A. Philip randolph, thoreau |
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CORE |
Congress of Racial Equality |
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Freedom Rides |
bus trip across South to test supreme court decision, hoped to provoke violence, JFK sends marshals at Mississippi |
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James Meredith |
allowed to enroll in Ole Miss, JFK sends escorts for Meredith |
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Civil Rights of 1964 |
no more Jim Crow laws, prohibiting discrimination |
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Freedom Summer |
gaining voting rights |
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Fannie Lou Hamer |
speaker at Democratic Convention, wanted to gain black influence in Democratic Party |
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Voting Rights Act of 1966 |
eliminated literacy tests/ grandfather law, voting tripeled |
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Eugene Bull Connor |
brutal police in televised Birmingham marches |
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De Facto Segregation |
segregation that exists by practice |
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De Jure Segregation |
segregation by law |
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Malcolm X |
urged blacks to take control, self defense. argued whites were cause of black conition |
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Nation of Islam |
black muslims |
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Stokely Carmichael |
leader of SNCC, called for Black Power |
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Black power |
blacks to define own loads and lead without whites' help, objected by MLK |
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Black Panthers |
to fights police brutality, advocated self-defense, set up homeless shelters, etc. believed blacks shouldn't have to serve in US military |
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Kerner Commission |
studied causes of urban violence, white racists to blame |
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Civil Rights Act of 1968 |
ended discrimination in housing |
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Affirmative Action |
programs that made special effort to hire/ enroll minority |
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MLK's assasination |
supporting garbage workers on strike, shot by James Earl Ray |
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JFK's policy |
strengthening military without to avoid nuclear war |
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Fidel Castro |
Communist leader in Cuba |
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Bay of Pigs |
Eisenhower made plans to rain Cuban exiles, failure for Americans, JFK negotiated for release of prisoners, "losing Cuba" Cuban exiles blamed JFK |
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Hotline |
eased Cold War tensions between Soviet Union and US |
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Limited Test Ban Treaty |
banned nuclear war testing |
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Cuban Missile Crisis |
Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in Cuba if US didn't attack, US secretly removed missiles in turkey |
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Berlin Wall |
wall that divided city in 2, West Berlin becoming Communism under leadership of Soviet Union |
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Ho Chi Minh |
Communist, North Vietnam, created Vietminh, won support of peasants |
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Domino Theory |
falling to communism, Eisenhower's theory |
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Dien Bien Phu |
French outpost overrun by Vietminh where French surrendered |
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Geneva Accords |
divided Vietnam along 17th parallel called for election (north- communist & south-anticommunist) |
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Ngo Dinh Diem |
South Vietnam's president, corrupt but gained US support because he wasn't communist, discriminated against Buddhists |
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Vietcong |
Communist group in South, attacked Diem gov, supported by Ho Chi Minh |
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Tonkin Gulf Resolution |
not declaration of war, granted LBJ military power in Vietnam |
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Operation Rolling Thunder |
bombing of North under LBJ |
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Rober McNamara |
US Secretary of Defense |
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Dean Rusk |
Secretary of State |
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William Westmoreland |
US commander in South Vietnam, requested more troops |
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Army of Republic of Vietnam |
South Vietnam Army, weak |
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Napalm |
gasoline-based bomb that set jungle on fire |
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Agent Orange |
leaf-killing toxic chemical |
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Search and Destroy Missions |
uprooting civilians with suspected ties to Vietcong |
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Credibility Gap |
rapidly growing gap between truth and LBJ |
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US morale |
eventually decreased due to frustration of warfare, brutal conditions, failures, no reason to fight
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Draft |
"very manipulatable system" |
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Doves |
opposed war |
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Hakws |
pro-war |
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New Left |
growing youth movement that demanded change |
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Tet Offensive |
Vietcong attacked towns across South Vietnam, but US gained control, shook America's confidence and media openly criticized. LBJ'S popularity plummeted TURNING POINT |
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Robert Kennedy |
JFK's brother |
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Democratic National Convention |
held in Chicago, anti war protests stemmed |
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Eugene McCarthy |
originally ran against LBJ for Democrats |
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Hubert Humphrey |
LBJ's vice pres, ran in place of LBJ after he decided to no longer run |
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George Wallace |
independent |
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Richard Nixon |
Republic, won against Humphrey, promised to restored law and order then end war... pulled out troops but continued war with NV, wanted to keep US dignity and would respond with full force action if North threatened South |
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Henry Kissinger |
Security Advisor, negotiated with North |
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Vietnamization |
gradual withdrawal of US troops for SV to take more action |
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Silent Majority |
Americans who quietly supported US efforts |
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My Lai |
Lieutenant William Calley massacred innocent |
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Kent State |
massive student protest which called for National Guard, four killed |
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Pentagon Paper |
document written for McNamara from LBJ showing that he never planned to end war with NV being involved |
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War Powers Act |
limited President's war making powers |
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Nguyen Van Thieu |
South Vietnamese gov |
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End of Vietnam war |
North invades South at Saigon, South surrenders and in America people become suspicious of gov. |
