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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Melena is indicative of a bleed where?
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Upper GI
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What amount of blood indicates GI disease?
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over 3 mL/24 hrs
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What test can be used to detect occult blood?
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Guaiac
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What is the most common brand of guaiac test?
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Hemoccult
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What GI illness is an inflammatory disorder with blood & pus in the feces and pain, fever, and cramps?
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Dysentery
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What is inflammation involving the mucosa of both the large and small intestine?
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Enterocolitis
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Diarrhea is usually small or large intestine?
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Small
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Dysentery is usually small or large intestine?
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Large
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What is local inflammation in response to superficial microbial invasion?
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Infection
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What is invasion of epithelial cells in response to the perforation of the mucosal epithelium?
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Inflammation
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What bacteria causes traveler's diarrhea?
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ETEC
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What are the symptoms of ETEC?
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Abdominal cramping
Watery diarrhea No vomiting/fever |
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What bacteria causes hemolytic-uremic syndrome?
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EHEC
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What are the symptoms of EHEC?
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Watery progressing to bloody diarrhea
Abdominal cramping No vomiting/fever |
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The toxin of EHEC acts on which intestine?
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Large
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What is the most common cause of food-associated diarrhea in developed countries?
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Salmonella
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Which salmonella usually causes food poisoning?
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S. enteritidis
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What are the symptoms/signs of S. enteritidis infection?
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Bloody diarrhea
Chills Fever Abdominal pain WBCs in stool |
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What is the causative agent of typhoid fever?
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S. typhi
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What is the transmission route of S. typhi?
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Contaminated food from infected person
(no known animal source) |
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Where is S. typhi harbored?
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Gall bladder
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What are the incubation and duration of S. enteritidis?
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Incubation: 12-48 hrs
Duration: 3 days |
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What serious illnesses can result from S. enteritidis infection?
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Sepsis
Pneumonia Endocarditis Meningitis |
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Where does S. typhi invade in the body?
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Intestinal epithelial cells
Lymph nodes Organs |
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What are the symptoms/signs of typhoid fever?
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Headache
Fever RLQ pain Splenomegaly Diarrhea Rose spots on abdomen |
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How long after exposure to S. typhi do the symptoms of typhoid fever begin?
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1-3 weeks after exposure
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What is the most common species of shigella in the US?
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Shigella sonnei
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What are the symptoms of shigella infection?
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Watery bloody diarrhea
Fever Abdominal pain Rectal spasm |
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What is the most common etiologic agent of gastroenteritis in the US?
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Campylobacter jejuni
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What bacteria does not multiply in food?
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Campylobacter
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What are the symptoms of campylobacter infection?
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Abdominal discomfort
cramping bloody diarrhea chills |
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What are the sources of campylobacter?
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Milk
Contaminated food Water Dogs Pigs Chickens |
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At what temperature does Campylobacter grow best?
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42 C
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What is the microscopic appearance of Campylobacter?
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Curved gram negative rods
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What populations most commonly are infected with Campylobacter?
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Children under 1 year old
Adults 20-29 |
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What is the incubation of Campylobacter?
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1 - 3 days
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What bacteria is salt tolerant?
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Vibrio
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How is vibrio cholerae spread?
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Contaminated food and water
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What bacteria produces rice water stools?
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Vibrio cholerae
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What bacteria causes a massive loss of fluid and electrolytes?
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Vibrio cholerae (rice water stools)
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What is the enterotoxin associated with Vibrio cholerae?
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Choleragen
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What is the mortality of Vibrio cholerae if untreated?
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60%
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What is the incubation of Vibrio?
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6-72 hours
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What is the duration of Vibrio infection?
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3-7 days
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What causes gas gangrene?
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Clostridium perfringens
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What bacteria causes antibiotic associated colitis?
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Clostridium dificile
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How does Clostridium perfringes cause diarrhea?
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Ingestion of spores in contaminated food
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What bacteria causes botulism?
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Clostridium botulinum
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What does the neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum cause?
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Flaccid muscle paralysis
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What is the incubation of Clostridium?
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18-36 hours
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What is the duration of Clostridium?
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Weeks or months
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What bacteria caused bubonic plague?
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Yersinia pestis
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What is the incubation of Yersinia?
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16-48 hours
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What is the duration of Yersinia?
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1 day - 4 weeks
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What is the incubation of Rotavirus?
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1-4 days
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What is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in infants and children, especially under 2 years of age?
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Rotavirus
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What is the most common cause of acute infectious diarrhea worldwide?
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Rotavirus
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What GI pathogen also causes respiratory symptoms?
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Rotavirus
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What bacteria has a heat-labile exotoxin?
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Clostridium botulinum
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What bacteria has a heat-stable exotoxin?
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Staph aureus
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What is the incubation of staph aureus?
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Less than 8 hours
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What is the duration of staph aureus?
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Less than 1 day
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What bacteria causes duodenal ulcers and chronic gastritis?
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H. pylori
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Which bacteria cause WBCs in stool?
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Salmonella
Shigella Yersinia Campylobacter Vibrio |
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What do WBCs and RBCs in a stool specimen indicate?
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Etiological agent is invasive
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What is the most pathogenic of the intestinal amoebae?
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Entamoeba histolytica
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How does Entamoeba histolytica cause disesae?
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Invades mucous membranes of large intestine, multiplies in mucosal crypts
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What is the most common reported parasite in the US?
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Giardia lamblia
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Giardia lamblia inhabits where?
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Small intestine
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What are the symptoms of Giardia infection?
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Asymptomatic or mild to severe symptoms
Can lead to steatorrhea |
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Which parasitic infection does not cause eosinophilia?
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Giardia lamblia
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Cryptosporidium is a common infection in what patients?
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AIDS
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What is the the largest intestinal nematode parasite that infects humans?
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Ascaris
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How is Ascaris acquired?
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Ingestion of eggs
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Where are hookworms located?
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Southern US along coastal areas
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What is the scientific name for pinworms?
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Enterobius vermicularis
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