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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid?
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20 : 1
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What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation?
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pH = pKa + log (HCO3- / H2CO3)
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What are the 3 main regulators of pH?
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Buffer systems
Lungs Kidneys |
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What are the buffer systems?
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Hemoglobin
Bicarbonate Phosphate Proteins |
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What do the lungs regulate?
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Carbonic acid
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What do the kidneys regulate?
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Bicarbonate
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Alkalosis is a pCO2 level of what?
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Below 35
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Acidosis is a pCO2 level of what?
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Over 45
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Acidosis is a bicarbonate level of what?
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Less than 22
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Alkalosis is a bicarbonate level of what?
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Over 26
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What is the cause of respiratory acidosis?
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Decreased alveolar ventilation
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What is the main cause of decreased alveolar ventilation?
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COPD
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What are the signs/symptoms of respiratory acidosis?
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Headache
Tachycardia CNS depression Cardiac arrhythmias |
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What is the compensatory mechanism in respiratory acidosis?
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Kidneys retain bicarbonate
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What is the therapy for respiratory acidosis?
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Artificial ventilation
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What is the cause of respiratory alkalosis?
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Hyperventilation
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What are the signs/symptoms of respiratory alkalosis?
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Lightheadedness
CNS irritability Cardiac arrhythmias |
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What is the compensatory mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?
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Kidneys excrete bicarbonate
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What is the therapy for respiratory alkalosis?
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Anti-anxiety measures
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What is deficient in metabolic acidosis?
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bicarbonate ion
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What are the possible causes of metabolic acidosis?
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Increased acid production
Too much bicarbonate lost |
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What are the signs/symptoms of metabolic acidosis?
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Headache
CNS depression |
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What is the compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?
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Lungs excrete more carbonic acid in form of carbon dioxide (Kussmaul breathing)
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What are the therapies for metabolic acidosis?
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Correct underlying cause
Improve tissue oxygenation (lactic acid) Give NaHCO3 if pH < 7.0 |
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What is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis?
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Diuretic use
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What are the signs/symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?
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CNS irritability
CNS depression |
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What is the compensatory mechanism for metabolic alkalosis?
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Lungs retain carbonic acid
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What are the therapies for metabolic alkalosis?
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Stop cause
Almost never give acid (HCl) |
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What is the equation for excess anion gap?
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Excess = total AG - normal AG of 12 + measured bicarbonate
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If the excess anion gap is above 30, what is the diagnosis?
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Metabolic alkalosis
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If the excess anion gap is below 23, what is the diagnosis?
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Nonanion gap metabolic acidosis
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If the anion gap is above/equal to 20, what is the diagnosis?
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metabolic acidosis
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