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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the granulocytes?
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Neutrophils
Eosinophils Basophils |
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What is the normal percentage of neutrophils in the overall WBC?
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50-70%
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What is the normal percentage of eosinophils in the overall WBC?
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2-5%
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What is the normal percentage of basophils in the overall WBC?
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0-1%
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What is the normal percentage of lymphocytes in the overall WBC?
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20-40%
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What is the normal percentage of monocytes in the overall WBC?
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3-10%
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White blood cells are nucleated, true or false?
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True
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What cells are the first line of defense against foreign substance or injury?
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Neutrophils
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Neutrophils are increased in what situations?
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Bacterial infections
Physical stress |
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Neutrophils are decreased in what situations?
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Overwhelming infections
Bone marrow failure |
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Bands make up what percentage of WBCs?
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0-10%
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A shift to the left means what?
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Increased % of segs & bands
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A shift to the left indicates what condition?
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Bacterial infection
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In what conditions are eosinophils increased?
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Parasitic infections
Allergies Asthma |
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What is the role of eosinophils?
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Regulate basophils and mast cells in their immune functions
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What do eosinophils do in response to parasites?
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Release granules
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When are eosinophils decreased?
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Increased ACTH levels from acute stress from pain, hypoxia, exertion
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Basophils have what to react with allergens?
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IgE
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When are basophils increased?
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Chronic granulocytic leukemia
Allergies |
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Basophils are similar to what other cells?
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Mast cells
Tissue basophils |
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What is the primary function of lymphocytes?
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To interact with antigen and mount immune response
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When are lymphocytes increased?
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Viral infections
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Where are most lymphocytes located?
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Lymph nodes
Spleen Mucosa |
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B cells make up what percentage of circulating lymphocytes?
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10-15%
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Plasma cells are derived from which lymphocyte?
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B cell
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B cells are responsible for which type of immunity?
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Humoral
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T cells make up what percentage of circulating lymphocytes?
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75-80%
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T cells produce what?
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Lymphokines
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What t cells influence B cells?
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Helper (CD4)
Suppressor (CD8) |
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T cells are responsible for what type of immunity?
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Cell mediated
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Cytotoxic cells are also known as what?
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Killer T-cells
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Atypical/reactive lymphocytes are also known as what?
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Downey cells
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What are two lymphokines?
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Interferon - antiviral
Interleukin - chemotaxis |
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What is the role of monocytes?
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Active in phagocytosis
Killing of microbes Immune response to chronic inflammation Recognize & present antigen to lymph Remove cellular debris |
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What do monocytes produce?
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Monokines
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Give an example of a monokine.
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Interleukin I - tells T cell lymphs to proliferate
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When are monocytes increased?
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Newborns
Recovery phase of bacterial infections TB |
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What is the relative WBC count?
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% of each type
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What is the absolute WBC count?
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actual number of each type
% x WBC count |
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In children, what WBC predominates until age 4?
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Lymphocytes
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What does toxic granulation in segs indicate?
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Bacterial infection
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What do vacuoles in segs indicate?
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Bacterial infection
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What do hypersegmented neutrophils indicate?
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Megaloblastic anemia
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What are the 3 categories of leukocyte disorders?
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Diseases of WBC function
Nonclonal Clonal |
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What are the two types of nonclonal WBC disorders?
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Growth regulation abnormalities
Leukemoid reactions |
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What is a clonal WBC disorder?
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Derived from a single precursor cell
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What is the most common cause of neutropenia?
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Bone marrow suppression
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What is hypercellular bone marrow suggestive of?
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Peripheral destruction of neutrophils
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What are some non-clonal disorders?
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Neutropenia
Agranulocytosis Leukemoid reaction Infectious mono |
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What is agranulocytosis?
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Disappearance of neutrophil precursors in bone marrow; decreased granulocyte count in peripheral blood
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What causes agranulocytosis?
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Drug reaction
Autoimmune disease Infection |
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What are the clinical symptoms of agranulocytosis?
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Fever, sore throat
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What is a leukemoid reaction?
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WBCs flood circulation
Secondary to another condition |
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Burns can cause what leukemoid reaction?
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Neutrophilic
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Whooping cough can cause what leukemoid reaction?
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Lymphocytic
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Parasitic infection can cause what leukemoid reaction?
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Eosinophilic
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EBV invades which lymphocytes?
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B lymphs
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Radiobasophilia are present in what type of lymphocytes?
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Atypical lymphocytes
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What are clonal disorders?
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Unregulated and uncontrolled growth and proliferation of cells
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Which classifications of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia are most common?
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M1, M2, M4
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Which classifications of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia are most unusual?
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M5, M7
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Auer rods are present in what leukemia?
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AML
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Sudan black stains what?
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Lipids
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Myeloperoxidase stains what?
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Neutrophilic cells
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Which leukemia is associated with coagulation abnormalities?
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APL
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APL is a translocation of which chromosomes?
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15 and 17
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AMMoL is what?
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Acute myelomonocytic leukemia - M4
Mix of granulocytic and monocytic blasts |
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AMoL is what?
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acute monocytic leukemia - M5
Immature monocytic cells or monoblasts |
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What is the special stain for monocytic blasts?
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Non-specific esterase
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Erythroleukemia is what?
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M6
Mix of bizarre erythroid precursors and granulocytes |
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Megakaryocytic leukemia is what?
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M7
Megakaryoblasts, identified by EM for flow cytometry, poor prognosis |
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What is the common ALL antigen?
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CALLA
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What stains are positive in ALL?
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Schiff stain (PAS)
TdT stain |
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Leukocyte alkaline phosphate is increased or decreased in CML?
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Decreased
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90% of CML patients have what chromosome?
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Philadelphia chromosome
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The Philadelphia Chromosome is what translocation?
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t(9, 22)
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What leukemia is known for having a "dry tap" on bone marrow biopsy?
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Hairy cell
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What are the diagnostic criteria for polycythemia vera?
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True increase in RBC mass
Normal pO2 Splenomegaly |
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High altitudes, heavy smoking, cardiac malformations, chronic pulmonary disease, and erythropoietin producing tumors can cause what?
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Secondary polycythemia
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Multiple myeloma is a cancer of what?
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Plasma cells
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Rouleaux are present in what cancer?
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Multiple myeloma
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What test is used to diagnose multiple myeloma?
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Serum protein electrophoresis
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The Bence Jones protein can be detected using what test?
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urine protein electrophoresis
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