Unit1 Fundamentals Of Inflammation

Front 1

What are the four signs of inflammation?

Back 1

Rubor
Calor
Dolor
Tumor

Front 2

Where do infections usually start in the body?

Back 2

In remote locations, where circulation is not as great

Front 3

Inflammation is characterized by what changes?

Back 3

Hemodynamic
Microvascular

Front 4

In inflammation, what leaks from the blood into the surrounding tissue?

Back 4

Fluid
Leukocytes

Front 5

Plasma cells secrete what?

Back 5

Antibodies

Front 6

Memory cells are derived from what?

Back 6

B-cells

Front 7

Which cell lyses offending cells once activated by dendritic cells that have engulfed the antigen?

Back 7

Tc cell

Front 8

Where are mature Tc cells found?

Back 8

Skin, gut, lymph nodes

Front 9

What cell assists Tc and B cells by recognizing pMHC signature of antigens and activating T/B cells?

Back 9

Th cell

Front 10

What are monocytes known as when they migrate into tissue?

Back 10

Macrophages

Front 11

Which white cell is the first on the scene in inflammation?

Back 11

Neutrophil

Front 12

Macrophages in the liver are called what?

Back 12

Kupffer cells

Front 13

Macrophages in the spleen/lymph nodes are called what?

Back 13

sinus histiocytes

Front 14

Macrophages in the CNS are called what?

Back 14

Microgilia

Front 15

Macrophages in the lungs are called what?

Back 15

Alveolar macrophages

Front 16

Where are vasoactive mediators located in?

Back 16

Mast cells
WBCs
Endothelial cells
Platelets

Front 17

What are the two stored vasoactive mediators?

Back 17

Histamine
Serotonin

Front 18

What cells produce histamine?

Back 18

Mast cells

Front 19

Prostaglandins, cytokines, leukotrienes, PAFs, and nitric oxide are what kind of vasoactive mediators?

Back 19

Synthesized

Front 20

Prostaglandins are derived from what?

Back 20

Arachidonic acid

Front 21

Platelet activating factors are derived from what?

Back 21

Epithelial factors

Front 22

What is the MOA of nitroglycerin?

Back 22

Breaks down to nitric oxide, vasodilates, and reduces chest pain

Front 23

Nitric oxide is released from what?

Back 23

Damaged endothelium

Front 24

Nitric oxide causes what?

Back 24

Vasodilation
Platelet response
Swelling

Front 25

Leukotrienes are derived from what?

Back 25

Arachidonic acid

Front 26

Leukotrienes have been identified as triggers of what?

Back 26

Asthma

Front 27

What acid is derived from cell membrane phospholipid?

Back 27

Arachidonic acid

Front 28

What factor is activated by endothelial damage?

Back 28

Hageman Factor XII

Front 29

What factor activates C3, promotes bradykinin synthesis, and stimulates clotting & fibrinolysis?

Back 29

Hageman Factor XII

Front 30

What does bradykinin cause?

Back 30

Vasodilation

Front 31

Fibrin & fibrinogen are activated by what?

Back 31

Plasmin

Front 32

What are the three pathways that can activate the complement system?

Back 32

Classical (antibody-antigen complex)
Lectin (microbial surface, IgA)
Alternative (LPS)

Front 33

What toxins promote vascular permeability?

Back 33

Anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4, C5a)

Front 34

Opsonization (C3b) does what?

Back 34

Preps antigen surface for phagocytosis

Front 35

Chemotaxis (C5a) does what?

Back 35

Attracts PMNs

Front 36

What is the critical step in activation of complement?

Back 36

C3b activates C3a, which activates C5a

Front 37

What does the activation of C5a produce?

Back 37

Activates macrophage, produces cell adhesion molecules, activates mast cells - causing vascular permeability, activates PMNs

Front 38

What is an epitope?

Back 38

A marker on a cell for IgG to recognize, causing phagocyte to recognize and lyse it
(opsonization)

Front 39

Which complement is potent and far-reaching in effect?

Back 39

C3

Front 40

Which complements work together to bind to foreign cells initiating lysis (membrane attack complex)?

Back 40

C6-C9

Front 41

Which complement is involved in opsonization?

Back 41

C3b

Front 42

Which complement is activated with cold antibody?

Back 42

C3

Front 43

What carbohydrate structures on the vascular endothelium bind adhesion molecules and help to stop moving neutrophils?

Back 43

sialyl-Lewisx

Front 44

What is the adhesion molecule on a non-activated neutrophil?

Back 44

L-selectin

Front 45

What is L-selectin replaced with in an activated neutrophil?

Back 45

Integrin

Front 46

Integrin binds to what in the vascular endothelium?

Back 46

E-selectin

Front 47

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides, IL-1, and TNF cause the presence of what on the blood vessel wall?

Back 47

E-selectin

Front 48

Neutrophils destroy bacteria coated with what?

Back 48

C3b

Front 49

Chronic inflammation is caused by the presence of what?

Back 49

too much TNF

Front 50

What are the 3 ways that cells kill?

Back 50

Phagocytosis
Oxidative lysis via ROS
Non-oxidative killing

Front 51

What is the MOA of oxidative lysis?

Back 51

Dumps a bunch of radicals onto the antigen, pokes holes in it

Front 52

What is the MOA of non-oxidative killing?

Back 52

complement system
Causes conformational change to cell membrane

Front 53

What are the 3 predisposing conditions to chronic inflammation?

Back 53

Autoimmune disease
Prolonged exposure to triggers
Persistent infections

Front 54

Mononuclear infiltration, fibrosis, and granuloma formation are characteristics of what?

Back 54

Chronic inflammation

Front 55

What are granulomas?

Back 55

Grouped phagocytic cells that have walled off a potential "foreign" agent

Front 56

What are the two things that monocytes differentiate into?

Back 56

Macrophages
Dendritic cells

Front 57

What is an example of a granulomous disease?

Back 57

Tuberculosis

Front 58

What cells start the skin's reconstructive process?

Back 58

Keratinocytes
Fibroblasts

Front 59

Type I collagen is stronger than type III, true or false?

Back 59

True

Front 60

What is cachectin?

Back 60

Wasting away

Front 61

Secondary intention is what kind of wound?

Back 61

Large wound with considerable tissue loss

Front 62

If there is a time delay before a wound is sutured, what is the wound known as?

Back 62

Tertiary intention