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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Basic industries |
Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement |
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Business services |
Services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services |
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Central place |
A market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area |
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Central place theory |
A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther |
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City-state |
A sovereign state comprising a city and its immediately surrounding countryside |
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Clustered rural settlement |
A rural settlement in which the houses and farm building of each family are situated close to each other, with fields surrounding the settlement |
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Consumer services |
Businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and education, health, and leisure services |
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Dispersed rural settlement |
A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages |
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Economic base |
A community’s collection of basic industries |
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Enclosure movement |
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century |
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Gravity model |
A model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service |
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Market area (or hinterland) |
The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services |
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Nonbasic industries |
Industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community |
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Primate city |
The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement |
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Primate city rule |
A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement |
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Public services |
Services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses |
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Range (of a service) |
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service |
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Rank-size rule |
A pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement |
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Service |
Any activity that fulfils a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it |
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Settlement |
A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants |
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Threshold |
The minimum number of people needed to support a service |
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Urbanization |
An increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements |
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Annexation |
Legally adding land area to a city in the United States |
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Census tract |
An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods |
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Central business district (CBD) |
The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered |
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Combined statistical area (CSA) |
In the United States, two or more contiguous core based statistical areas tied together by commuting patterns |
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Concentric zone model |
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings |
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Core Based statistical area (CBSA) |
In the United States, the combination of all metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas |
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Council of government |
A cooperative agency consisting of representatives of local governments in a metropolitan area in the United States |
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Density gradient |
The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery |
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Edge city |
A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area |
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Filtering |
A process of change in the use of a house, from single family owner occupancy to abandonment |
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Gentrification |
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area |
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Greenbelt |
A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area |
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Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) |
In the United States, an urbanized area of at least 50,000 population, the country within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city |
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Micropolitan statistical area |
An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city |
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Multiple nuclei model |
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities |
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Peripheral model |
A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road |
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Primary census statistical area (PCSA) |
In the United States, all of the combined statistical areas plus all of the remaining metropolitan statistical areas and micropolitan statistical areas |
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Public housing |
Housing owned by the government in the United States, it is rented to residents with low incomes, and the rents are set at 30 percent of the families’ incomes |
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Redlining |
A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries |
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Rush hour |
The four consecutive 15-minute periods in the morning and evening with the heaviest volumes of traffic |
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Sector model |
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district |
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Smart growth |
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland |
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Social area analysis |
Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area |
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Sprawl |
Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area |
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Squatter settlement |
An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residencies on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures |
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Underclass |
A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics |
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Urban renewal |
Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers |
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Urbanized area |
A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core |
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Zoning ordinance |
A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community |
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Synekism |
The possibility of change that results from people living together in cities
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Griffin-Ford model |
Developed by geographers Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford, a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene |
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McGee model |
Developed by geographer T.G McGee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of Southeast Asia |
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McMansions |
Homes referred to as such because of their “super size” and similarity in appearance to other such homes; homes often built in place of tear-downs in American suburbs |
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New urbanism |
Outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs |
