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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the Benefits of Microflora |
defense from harmful microbes on the skin, digestion, synthesis of important molecules
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Define prokaryote/ prokaryotic |
To have no nucleus or nuclei |
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What is the function of the capsule |
Gel like coating on outside of cell that helps attach to their environment. Also protects from being eaten by other microbes. |
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What is the function of the cell wall |
Helps keep the shape of the cell and protect it from swelling or bursting |
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Cell wall ( gram positive) structure |
Contains thick layer of peptidoglycen outside of the membrane |
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cell wall (gram negative) structure |
contains a thin layer of peptidoglcen between two membranes |
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what will the result of a gram positive gram stain look like |
bacteria will hold onto stain |
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what will the result of a gram negative gram stain look like? |
bacteria does not hold onto the stain |
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what is peptidoglycen |
matrix of sugar cross linked with amino acids |
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define coccus |
Any round or roughly spherical bacterium |
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define Bacillus |
disease causing bacterium, rod shaped |
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Define spirillum |
Gram negative bacteria, spiral shaped |
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define staphylo |
gram positive, formin clusters like grapes |
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define Strepto |
in the form of twisted chains |
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Define diplo |
double, paired |
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what does it mean for a bacterium to be aerobic |
Requires air or oxygen for life or survival and to produce energy |
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what does it mean to be anaerobic |
an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present |
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what does it mean to be autotrophic |
to obtain energy from non living sources |
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what does it mean to be heterotrophic |
organism that uses organic (living sources) , they are decomposers |
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what is photosynthetic |
purple bacteria which are capable of providing their own food via photosynthesis |
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what is chemoautotrophic |
use inorganic energy sources |
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what is a saprobe |
an organism that derives its nourishment from non living or decaying organic matter |
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what is a parasite |
an organism that lives on or in another organism and gets its nourishment from it |
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what is binary fission |
type of asexual reproduction, replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two equal sized cells |
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what is virulence |
the ability of something to infect a host |
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what is a bacteriophage |
viruses that infect bacteria |
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what is the difference between bacterial cells and more complex cells such as plant and animal cells |
all bacteria are multicellular and have no nuclei, plant and animal cells can be multicellular and contain a nucleus |
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what are the three external bacterial structures? |
capsule, flagella, cell wall |
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what is the function of the capsule |
gel like coating on outside of cell which helps cells remain attached to their environment and keeps them from being eaten |
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what is the function of the flagella |
helps bacteria to move around and look for nutrients |
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what is the function of the cell wall |
helps keep the shape of the cell and protects it from swelling or bursting |
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what the 2 internal structures of bacteria |
plasmids and endospores |
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what is the function of plasmids |
provide additional genes that allow various functions |
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what is the function of endospores |
resistant to heat, radiation , and chemicals |
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what are the three metabolic classes for bacteria |
aerobic bacteria, facculative anaerobic, obligate anaerobe |
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how do aerobic bacteria use oxygen |
use oxygen to carry on respiration which produces energy |
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how does oxygen affect facultative anaerobic bacteria |
they can produce energy with or without bacteria |
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how does energy affect obligate anaerobic bacteria |
bacteria that can only produce their energy in an oxygen free environment |
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what is fermentation |
the production of energy anaerobically |
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what are the two types of autotrophic bacteria |
photosynthetic and chemoautotrophic |
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what are the two types of heterotrophic bacteria? |
saprobes, and parasites |
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what are the three types of sexual reproduction for bacteria |
tansformation, transduction, and conjugation |
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explain transformation |
living cells take up DNA from their environment. The transformed cell will have a chromosome containing DNA from two different cells |
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explain transduction |
viruses that infect bacteria are responsible for gene transfer. bacterial DNA is picked by the virus during infection and is transferred to a new bacterial cell |
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explain conjugation |
the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another through a connecting tube ( six pilus), one way transfer, sex pili attaches to recipient |
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what are the three main types of archaebacteria |
thermophiles, methangens, and halophiles |
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where are thermophiles found |
extreme heat and cold |
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where are methangens found |
extremely low oxygen environments |
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where are halophiles found |
extremely high salt concentration |
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what are the major structural features of viruses |
they lack the ability to reproduce without a host cell, they cannot meet their own energy needs, they lack cell membranes, a nucleus and organelles, and they are dormant unless in contact with a host cell |
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what are the three different types of viruses and what makes them different |
bacterial, plant and animals based on what kind of host they infect |
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what are the two types of viral reproduction |
the lytic and the lysogenic cycle |
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explain the lytic cycle |
virus attaches to host cell DNA is injected into the host cell DNA forms proteins needed to form new viruses new viruses form and then leave the cells the host cell generally bursts |
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explain the lysogenic cycle |
similar to the lytic cycle except the viral DNA is incorporated into the bacteria's DNA The bacteria reproduces more bacteria cells, which then at a later point start to build viruses and then burst |
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what are prions |
infectious proteins that fold abnormally causing misfiling of other proteins can cause bad things in brain ex: mad cow disease |
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what are viroids |
infectious agents that cause plant and animal diseases |
