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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Psychology |
Human Behaviour involves the individual's relationship to other persons, groups and society, including cultural influences on behaviour |
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What does The Social Approach Involve |
All behaviour occurs in a social context
A major influence on people's behaviour, thought processes and emotions, are other people and the society they have created
Society also affects our behaviour: we conform to the social norms of our society which influences us into accepted ways of behaving |
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Conformity |
Following other peoples behaviour in order to belong.
This can be due to the desire to be liked and accepted |
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Agency Theory Tulving |
Explains Obedience - two opposing states:
Autonomous State: Individual has free will - guided by their own conscience, and is aware of their actions
Agentic State: Individual gives up free will to obey an individual of a higher authority |
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Socialisation |
Though early experiences, as children we are socialised into developing the capacity for the agentic state; as they are told to obey authority figures. Obeying authority is internalised through socialisation by parents of teachers. |
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Moral Strain |
Happens when we are told to do something we believe is wrong or immoral in order to obey higher authority.
Suggested that we used defence mechanisms, Denial, in order to be able to obey and avoid distress |
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Agentic Shift |
Moving from one state to the other |
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Supporting Research Agency Theory AO2 |
Milgram's study showed that 65% of ordinary people obeyed an authority figure and gave a maximum voltage of 450v. Hofling et al showed that 95% of nurses obeyed a 'doctor's' orders breaking hospital regulations. Sheridan and King found that students would give electric shocks to a puppy when ordered to do so. |
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Flaws Agency Theory AO2 |
* The theory doesn't explain individual differences; why some people obey and others don't. * A lot of supporting research lacks ecological validity. e.g. Milgram's study; electric shocks are not a natural task: lacks mundane reality. * There is no explanation for why the agentic shift occurs; circular logic: obedient because you're in the agentic state, in the agentic state because you're obedient |
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Application Agency Theory AO2 |
Has good application to real life as it can explain destructive obedience; soldiers acting as agents during war killing and injuring people on the orders of an authority figure |
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What are the BPS Guidelines? |
The British Psychology Society outlined guidelines that psychologists should follow when conducting research on humans |
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Protection of Participants BPS Guidelines |
Researchers must protect participants from physical and emotional harm. The risk of harm must be not greater then in their everyday life |
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Right to Withdraw BPS Guidelines |
Participants can withdraw from the study at any point in time; this means their data must be destroyed. They should be reminded of their right to withdraw at the start of the study. |
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Deception BPS Guidelines |
Information should not be withheld from participants nor should they be misled.. Unless it is vital to the success of the research that the participant is deceived. |
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Debrief BPS Guidelines |
After an investigation participants should be debriefed and fully informed about the research. Debriefing doesn't justify an unethical study |
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Informed Consent BPS Guidelines |
Participants must be fully informed about the aims and procedures of the research so they are fully aware of what they are agreeing to. Under sixteens need consent and permission from a parent or guardian |
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Prejudice |
A learned attitude towards a target (persons or group) that's often based on stereotypes. Can be a positive but is usually negative.
Prejudice attitude can lead to prejudice actions: discrimination |
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Descrimination |
Behaving differently towards someone based on prejudice/stereotypes, because of a specific characteristic or the group they belong to E.g. avoidance or physical attacks |
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Social Identity Theory Tajfel |
The simple act of being part of a group (in-group) will lead to prejudice against individuals who are not part of the group (out-group) |
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Three Stages leading to Prejudice Social Identity Theory |
Social Categorisation
Social Identification
Social Comparison |
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Social Categorisation Social Identity Theory |
Where individuals put themselves and others into groups. Your group is the in-group and those who do not fit into your group are the out-group |
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Social Identification Social Identity Theory |
Where you adopt the identity of the in-group and emphasis membership by internalising group norms, values and behaviours |
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Social Comparison Social Identity Theory |
Where you view the out-group negatively and compare your in-group to them to boost your self-esteem |
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In-group Favouritism & Out-Group Bias Social Identity Theory |
In-group Favouritism: Individuals self-concept is 'intertwined' with their groups: Highlight all the positives of their group to boost self esteem Out-Group Bias: Identify the negatives of the out-group to boost self esteem and to feel that your group is better then the out-groups |
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Supporting Research Social Identity Theory AO2 |
In Tajfels minimal group study two groups were created in the belief of liking the same painting; the boys displayed in-group favouritism by awarding more points to members of their own group |
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Flaws Social Identity Theory AO2 |
* The Theory simplifies complex human relations and shows no thought for cultural differences as a factor
* Doesn't explain individual differences; some in-group do not show prejudice to out-group members |
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Application Social Identity Theory AO2 |
Can be applied to a wide range of social situations such as racism, match violence and genocide. Can also show how to reduce prejudice and discrimination between groups. |
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Realistic Conflict Theory |
Suggests that intergroup hostility can arise as a result of conflicting goals and competition over limited resources: prejudice and discrimination toward the out-group accompanies intergroup hostility. |
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What Are Surveys used for? |
Psychologists use surveys to find out what people think or feel about an issue or how the experienced an event or condition |
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Questionnaires AO1 |
Written and contain a number of structured question Can be distributed by hand, internet, or post
* Closed Questions: fixed choice answers * Open Questions: no fixed answers but allows elaborative responses
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Questionnaires AO2 |
+ Quick and easy to distribute, complete and analysis + can be distributed to a lot of people - low return rate + easily replicated due to standardisation + provides both quantitative and qualitative data - participants may lie -validity - closed questions don't accurately reflect participants view
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Interviews AO1 |
Involve in-depth conversations with individuals concerning a topic Can be done in person or over the phone A series of closed and/or open questions can be asked Interviews have varying degrees of structure *Structured - standardised *Semi-structure - follow up questions *Unstructured - flexible + little planning |
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Interviews AO2 |
+ structured interviews are replicable - semi and unstructured cannot be replicated - time consuming, expencive and on a smaller scale - unstructured interviews use mostly qualitative data which can be hard to analyse and is open to subjectivity and can be misinterpreted |
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Alternative Hypothesis |
Used when the research method is non experimental; surveys. Predicts that something will have an effect on another thing. |
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Null Hypothesis |
States that there will be no significant effect and any differences is due to chance |
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Qualitative Data AO1 |
Words and descriptions: no numbers
Gathered from unstructured interviews , observations and open-ended questions |
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Qualitative Data AO2 |
+ more in-depth analysis + high validity due to deep responses - time consuming to analyse - open to researcher bias + subjectivity |
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Quantitative Data AO1 |
In form of measurements: data is numerical
Gathered using experiments, closed questions or observations |
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Quantitative Data AO2 |
+ Analysis is quick and easy; can be done by a computer which removes human error + Analysis is objective; no bias or subjectivity - participants cannot expand on answers or give clarity which lowers validity - superficial view of behaviour: lacks validity |
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Opportunity Sampling |
Participants who are easily available
+ quickest and easiest: large # of participants + Ethical - not representative: researcher bias - participants normally share similar characteristics: all availible at same time |
