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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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what is science
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logic, experiment, and observation of the world around us
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hyptheisis and theorywhat is difference?
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experiment
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control group, negative control positive control
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neg no drug. Pos control. drug
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scientific model
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a model system IE mendels Peas
or the chemical illustrations found in the book or in videos to show what something looks like or is doing |
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reducitonism and systems biology
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reduction take apart and look at things work and what they are composed of
Systems biology- more of how things work together |
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linnaean Hierarchy?
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noticed that living things can be classified by how they look. previous classification, based on phenotype
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binomial nomenclature
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common name genius and species
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prokaryotic types
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archea and bacteria
dont mix up protist and prokaryote |
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protists
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single celled eukaryote
Protists do not have much in common apart from a relatively simple organization. They may occur as unicellular, multicellular, coenocytic, or colonial organisms. Protists include: (1) protozoa, the animal-like protists, (2) algae, the plant-like protists, and (3) slime moulds and water moulds, the fungus-like protists. |
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prokaryotes single celled bacteria
what are the two types of prokaryotes? what do prokaryotic cells posess? |
bacteria are all single celled,
Two types of prokaryotes: -archaea -bacteria |
Prokaryotic cells possess
-genetic material in the nucleoid -cytoplasm -plasma (cell) membrane -cell wall -ribosomes -no membrane-bound organelles |
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anarobic bacteria
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anarobes produce methane, Use H2 to reduce CO2 to CH4
In general, these bacteria do not require oxygen for their growth and metabolism although some of them (referred to as facilitative anaerobic bacteria) are capable of using oxygen when present, and carry out aerobic respiration |
Methanogens use carbon dioxide as the final electron acceptor
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1.why do we use oxygen?
2. cellular respiration is a series of reactions that are____ 3.During redox reactions electrons carry ___ from one molecule to another |
1.final electron acceptor is oxygen
2.cellular respiration is a series of reactions that are oxidations - a loss of electrons. 3. energy |
NAD + an electron carrier
NAD+ accepts 2 electrons and 1proton to become NADH the reaction is reversable PowerPoint 13 respiration- |
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theory of endocymbiosos
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theory of eurkaryotic organelles the chloroplast and mitochondria evolved by cell engulfing another cell and a symbiotic relationship devleoled (in eukaryotic cells)
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oxidation and reduciton
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OIL RIG
Oxidation- energy rich molecule is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced Reduction- Electrons are transferred from NADH to form and energy rich molecule its a cyclical process. |
electrons carriers allow for electrons to be released and move from high energy lower energy common features of all electron carriers is they can be reversibly oxidized and reduced
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What are the two chemicals that makes up enzymes?
what is the main function of an enzyme? What do enzymes interact with the substrate or the activation site? |
- enzymes are made of protein or (some are RNA)
- lower the activation energy required for a reaction - enzymes interact with the substrate; the region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate is the activation site. |
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substrate
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the substance acted upon by the enzyme
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Ribozyme
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Ribozyme, not all enzymes are proteins - a ribozyme is RNA with enzymatic abilities
Example the ribosome is a ribizyme transfer Telomerase is also a ribozyme |
powerpoint 12 energy and metabolism slide 24
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allosteric enzyme , is it active or inactive or both?
what is an allosteric site? what are Inhibitors, competitive inhibitors noncompetitive inhibitors? |
allosteric enzyme exists in either an active or inactive state so BOTH
think if the metabolic pathways A--B--C---D allosteric enzymes also have an allosteric site where molecules other than substrates bind. |
Inhibitors- are molecules that bind to an enzyme to decrease enzyme activity
competitive inhibitors- compete with the substrate for binding ( to the same active site) noncompetitive inhibitors- bind to sites other than the enzymes active site. |
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energy cycle
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products of energy are cycling UNIT 4
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Aerobic respiration is s redox reacton
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formula gluclose on the left
c6h12o6------6co2+6h20 oxygen is getting reduced,the covalent hydrogen bonds have lots of electrons and oxygen is getting reduced |
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4 steps of hydrolosis
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glucose split electrons transfered tomake NADH, carry high energy electronsto electron trnsport chain, moves through carriers, Proton pump and oxygen( final electron acceptor)
oxygen electrons an protons make water |
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Protons in the Electron Transport Chain
How is energy yielded from respiration? what is ATP synthase? |
The ETC are transfered, some electrons energy was loss
this energy is used to pump protons(H+) across the memebrane from the matrix to the intermembrane space this creats a proton gradient that is moved back to the matrix through atp synthase , a membrane bound enzyme uses the energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP+pi TADA!! ,the proton H+ ismoved gray gradient of protons is storage of energy and, as they protons flow through . |
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what is THE FLOW OF ENERGY
what is reduced? What is oxidation? |
potential energy stored in chemical bonds can be transferred from one molecule to another by way of electrons
reduction is gain of an electron RIG oxidation in loss OIL |
glucose to oxygen creates carbon dioxide and water, because it losses electrons, oxygen is reduced because it gains electrons. ATP ---stores energy, ATP is the energy currency $$$ |
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ATP
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storage of energy,energy currency of cell. active transport,
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Photosynthesis formula
6CO +12H20 ---- C6H12O6+6H20+6O2 |
gluclose is on the right
gluclose forms from carbon dioxode and water carbon dioxide is reduced water is oxidized |
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chlorophyll is oxidized
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oxidation is loss
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NAD+
NAHD |
elecron transport carrier,neucleotide
NADH is reduced |
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what are the 3 groups of carbohydrates ?
carbohydrates are molecules with what ratio of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen? |
CARBOHYDRATE RATIO 1:2:1 of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
function energy storage molecules, also structural 1- gluclose- MONOSACCHARIDE- single sugar, formula C6H12O6 2. Disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides linked by dehydration systhesis examples sucrose, lactos, maltose 3.Polysaccharides - long chain of sugars examples are energy storage starch in plants, glycogen in animals. structural support plants use cellulose, animals use chitin |
cellulose - plants make cell wall indigestible to most animals because they lack the enzyme needed to digest it
Chitin- polymer of an amino sugar that forms to the exoskeleton of arthropods and insects.. |
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glycolosis
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cytoplasm
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anarobic respiration
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absence of oxygen during cellular respiration ,or fermentation
ethanol is produced through fermentation lactic acid is an anarobic oxygen deficit |
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Pyruvate
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what grows with anarobic respiraiton
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what life undergoes ( 3 )Photosynthesis
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plants,algae,cyanobacteria
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who does respiration
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all cells,
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two parts of photosynthesis
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light dependent
light independent- krebs cycle, or carbon fixation |
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differences between light and dark
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light- captures photons, energy in light captured in ATP and NAD+is reduced to NADPH
dark- energy convered and stored in APT electrons stored in NADPH from photosystem I incorporates |
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Most abundent enzyme on earth
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rubicose
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difference between chloroplast and chlorophyll
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chloroplast is organelle
chlorophyll is pigment that absorbs the photon( color) within narrow energy ranges |
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