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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Diets are modified how?
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-texture
-calories -specific nutrients -seasonings -consistency |
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NPO
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-nothing by mouth
-before anethesia or after surgery until bowel sounds return -most patients ok with NPO for several days -some patients may require nutrition and fluids per IV |
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Clear Liquid
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-next step after NPO
-clear liquid supply -fluid -CHO -600 Kcal/day short term; about 24-36 hrs |
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How do we know when a person is ready for the next step after NPO
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-positive bowel sounds
- + flatuence - no NG tube |
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What would determine length of time of a liquid diet?
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-how your patient tolerates it
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Major goals of a liquid diet?
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-relieve thrist
-prevents dehydration -minimize stimulation of GI tract |
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What is included in a liquid water
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-water
-tea -coffee -clear broths -carbonated beverages -strained and clear juices -plain gelatin |
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Full liquid diet
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-next step after clear liquid
-liquids or foods that turn to liquid at body temperature (ex. ice cream) |
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Who is a liquid diet for?
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-Gi problems
-unable to tolerate solid or semisolid foods -post-surgery |
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What is a liquid diet low and high in?
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LOW
-iron -protein -calories HIGH in -cholesterol |
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What are some food examples of a liquid diet?
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-milk & milk drinks
-puddings, custards -ice cream, sherbet, yogurt -vegetable juices -strained cereals -cream, butter, margarine |
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Soft Diet/ soft mechanical diet
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-easily chewed and digested
-for pts who have difficulty chewing and swallowing -for some patients after surgery -low-residue (fiber) diet containing very few uncooked foods -can be modified to pureed diet |
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What are some examples of a soft/mechanical diet?
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-mashed potatoes
-scrambled eggs |
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Regular diet
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-for patients with no special needs
-a balanced diet -2000 kcals |
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List some diets modified for specific diseases
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-Diabetes (ADA)
-heart disease (prudent diet, low sodium -GI alterations-bland diet |
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Prudent diet
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-low cholesterol and sodium
-lower the LDL cholesterol levels and sodium intake -for heart disease, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia |
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Sodium restricted diet
(no, mild, moderate, severe) |
-no added salt - 4-5 grams per day allowed
-mild sodium restriction - 1gm/day -severe sodium restriction - 500mg/day (CHF, Liver, or high cholesterol |
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What are some high sodium foods?
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-pickles, olives
-salted nuts -soy sauce -hot dogs, bacon, sausage -processed cheese -canned soups -potatoe chips -canned fish and meats -lucheon meats, ham -mustard and ketchup |
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High fiber foods
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-whole-wheat breads and cereals
-bran -oatmeal -freash fruits and veggies |
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What are some needs of surgical patients
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-most common nutritional deficiency is protein because your muscles are being harmed and needs to repair after the surgery
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What is the importance of protein?
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-wound healing
-control edema - albumin -bone healing -resistance to infection |
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What are the daily water requirements for surgical patients?
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-uncomplicated = 2000-3000cc/24hrs
-complicated = 3000-4000 cc/24hrs -seriously ill with drainage = 7000 or more cc/24 hrs |
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How many kcal/day are needed before protein can be used in the body to repair tissue?
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2800 kcals/day
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What Vitamin helps with wound healing?
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-Vitamin C
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What vitamins provide coenzyme function?
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B vitamins
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What vitamin is for clotting?
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vitamin K
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What mineral is lost with tissue breakdown?
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-potassium
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What are electrolytesthat are lost during surgery?
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-Sodium
-Cloride |
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What mineral is lost with blood loss and what Lab value is effected by it?
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-Iron loss
-Hemoglobin and hematocrit |
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How does a surgical patient have nutritional needs met?
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-IV infusing
-eats as soon as possible |
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What supplements do IV fluids provide?
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simple IV fluids used routinely after surgery:
-provide water, dextrose, electrolytes -do not provide many calories or fat -do not provide protein -Dextrose in water provides 3.4 kcalories per gram -one liter of D5W contains 5 grams of dextrose per 100cc -one liter 50 grams of dextrose -OR 50 grams x 3.4 kcals = 170 ckals/liter |
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When would a surgical patient need to receive protein?
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->5 days TPN or they must eat
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What does TPN provide?
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-higher concentrations of dextrose
-amino acids -vitamins, minerals -lipids (fat emulsions) can be infused with TPN |
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What are labs that are related to nutrition?
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-serum albumin and pre-albumin
-Hbg, Hct (iron status) -serum elctrolytes-Na+, K+, calcium (mineral) -glucose -BUN, creatinine-kidneys -urinary tests-creatinine (muscle mass), urea nitrogen (reflect intake and breakdown of dietary protein) -total lymphocyte count-immune system |