Unit I & Ii

Front 1

Empiricism

Back 1

The view that knowledge originates from experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation

Front 2

Structuralism

Back 2

Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and titchner; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

Front 3

Functionalism

Back 3

Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function — how they enable the organism to adapt survive and flourish

Front 4

Experimental psychology

Back 4

The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

Front 5

Behaviorism

Back 5

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Front 6

Humanistic psychology

Back 6

A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people

Front 7

Cognitive neuroscience

Back 7

The interdisciplinarity study of the brain activity linked with cognition

Front 8

Psychology

Back 8

The science of behavior and mental processes

Front 9

Nature-nurture issue

Back 9

The longstanding controversy over relative contributions that genes and experience make the development of psychological traits and behaviors

Front 10

Natural selection

Back 10

The principle that among the range of inherited trait variations those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

Front 11

Levels of analysis

Back 11

The differing complementary views from biological to psychological to social-cultural for analyzing any given phenomenon

Front 12

Biopsychosocial approach

Back 12

An integrated approach that incorporates biological psychological and social cultural levels of analysis

Front 13

Behavioral psychology

Back 13

The scientific study of observable behavior and its explanation by principles of learning

Front 14

Biological psychology

Back 14

The scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes

Front 15

Cognitive psychology

Back 15

The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating

Front 16

Evolutionary psychology

Back 16

The study of the evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection

Front 17

Psychodynamic psychology

Back 17

A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

Front 18

Social - cultural psychology

Back 18

The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

Front 19

Psychometrics

Back 19

The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities attitudes and traits

Front 20

Basic research

Back 20

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Front 21

Developmental psychology

Back 21

A branch of psychology that studies physical cognitive and social change throughout the lifespan

Front 22

Educational Psychology

Back 22

The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

Front 23

Personality psychology

Back 23

The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting

Front 24

Social psychology

Back 24

The scientific study of how we think about influence and relate to one another

Front 25

Applied research

Back 25

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Front 26

Industrial organizational psychology

Back 26

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Front 27

Human factors psychology

Back 27

And I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environment can be made safe and easy to use

Front 28

Counseling psychology

Back 28

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in even greater well-being

Front 29

Clinical Psychology

Back 29

A branch of psychology that studies assesses and treats people with psychological disorders

Front 30

Psychiatry

Back 30

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders ;practice by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

Front 31

Positive psychology

Back 31

The scientific study of human functioning with the goal of covering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Front 32

Community psychology

Back 32

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environment and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

Front 33

Testing effect

Back 33

Enhance memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information

Front 34

SQ 3 R

Back 34

A study method incorporating 5 steps: survey question read retrieve review

Front 35

Wilhelm Wundt

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Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig Germany

Front 36

Edward Bradford Titchener

Back 36

Used introspection to search for the main structural elements

Front 37

William James

Back 37

a legendary teacher writer who authored an important 1890 psychology text

Front 38

Mary Whiton Calkins

Back 38

Became a pioneering memory researcher and the first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association

Front 39

Margaret Floy Washburn

Back 39

The first woman to receive a psychology PhD Washburn synthesized animal behaviour research in The Animal Mind

Front 40

Sigmund Freud

Back 40

The controversial ideas of this famous personality theorist and therapist have influenced humanity's self-understanding

Front 41

John B Watson

Back 41

championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned response is on a baby

Front 42

Rosalie Rayner

Back 42

Work with Watson on the science of behavior

Front 43

BF Skinner

Back 43

A leading behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior

Front 44

Charles Darwin

Back 44

argued that natural selection shaped behaviors as well as bodies

Front 45

Carl Rogers

Back 45

Leader of the humanistic psychology field

Front 46

Ivan Pavlov

Back 46

Pioneered studies of learning

Front 47

Jean Piaget

Back 47

The century's last most influential observer of children

Front 48

Dorothea Dix

Back 48

Reformed prison systems to help those who were psychologically distraught

Front 49

Hindsight bias

Back 49

The tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it

Front 50

Critical thinking

Back 50

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions rather it examines assumptions assesses the source discerns hidden values evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions

Front 51

Theory

Back 51

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Front 52

Hypothesis

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A testable prediction often implied by a theory

Front 53

Operational definition

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Carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

Front 54

Replication

Back 54

Repeating the essence of a research study usually with different participants in different situations to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Front 55

Case study

Back 55

A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is started in death in hope of revealing universal principles

Front 56

Naturalistic observations

Back 56

Observing and recording behavior in the actually occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Front 57

Survey

Back 57

A technique for assassinating the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of particular group usually by questioning a representative random sample of the group

Front 58

Sampling bias

Back 58

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

Front 59

Population

Back 59

All those in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn

Front 60

Random sample

Back 60

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Front 61

Correlation

Back 61

A measure of the extent to which two variables change together and thus how well either variable predicts the other

Front 62

Correlation coefficient

Back 62

A statistical index of relationships between two variables

Front 63

Scatter plot

Back 63

A craft cluster of Dad each of which represent the value of two variables the slope of the points suggest the direction of the relationship between the two variables the amount of scatter suggest the strength of the correlation

Front 64

Illusory correlation

Back 64

The perception of a relationship where none exists

Front 65

Experiment

Back 65

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

Front 66

Control group

Back 66

In an experiment the group not exposed to the treatment contrast the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

Front 67

Experimental group

Back 67

An experiment the group exposed to the treatment that is to one version of the independent variable

Front 68

Random assignment

Back 68

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance just minimizing pre-existing differences between the different groups

Front 69

Double-blind procedure

Back 69

Experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about what is the research participants have received the treatment or placebo

Front 70

Placebo effect

Back 70

Experimental results caused by expectations alone any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inner substance or condition which the recipient assumes is an active agent

Front 71

Independent variable

Back 71

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable food affect is being studied

Front 72

Confounding variable

Back 72

If factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

Front 73

Dependent variable

Back 73

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

Front 74

Validity

Back 74

An extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to do

Front 75

Descriptive statistics

Back 75

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

Front 76

Histogram

Back 76

A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

Front 77

Mode

Back 77

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

Front 78

Mean

Back 78

The arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

Front 79

Median

Back 79

The middle score and distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

Front 80

Skewed distribution

Back 80

A representation of scores that lacks symmetry around their average value

Front 81

Range

Back 81

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Front 82

Standard deviation

Back 82

A computer measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Front 83

Normal curve

Back 83

A symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer to the extremes

Front 84

Inferential statistics

Back 84

Numerical data that allowed one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

Front 85

Statistical significance

Back 85

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

Front 86

Culture

Back 86

The enduring behaviors ideas attitudes values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Front 87

Informed consent

Back 87

The ethical principle that research participants eat old enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Front 88

Debriefing

Back 88

The post experimental explanation of a study including its purpose and any deductions to its participants