Unit I

Front 1

Cell membrane characteristics

Back 1

lipid bylayer
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tails
primarily proteins-may have carbs attached
Peripheral proteins-on surface
Integral or Transmembrane proteins-Proteins that extend thru membrane
Selectively permeable
Regulates movement of substances in and out of cell
maintains gradients

Front 2

Gradient

Back 2

The difference of concentration of a substance between 2 regions
(inside and outside of cell)

Front 3

Proteins

Back 3

Ion channels
Transporters
Carriers
Receptors
Enzymes
Linkers
Identity markers

Front 4

What determines what moves in and out of cell

Back 4

Size of molecule-smaller molecules will have easier time getting through

Electrical charge-if molecule has charge it is more likely to NOT get through
Non-charged Non-polar will have easier time getting thru lipid bylayer

Soluability-like disolves like Lipid membrane will allow fat soluable vitamin or molicule through

Type of molecule that get through cell membrane- small, Non-charged, fat soluable

Front 5

Some proteins are ion chanel

Back 5

if they have charge
Sodium
potassium
calcium

Front 6

Transport proteins

Back 6

Carriers

Front 7

Receptors

Back 7

neurons,
Muscles and hormones need receptors

Front 8

vessicles

Back 8

need receptors

Front 9

linkers

Back 9

links cells together

Front 10

ribosomes are formed by

Back 10

nucleus

Front 11

Cytosol

Back 11

Water based contains organelles

Front 12

Mitochondria

Back 12

ATP production

Front 13

Interphase

Back 13

Working phase
Growth
Chormatin
Has nucleur membrane

Front 14

Prophase

Back 14

lose nuclear membrane
Chromosomes condense into chromatids 2x as many

Front 15

metaphase

Back 15

start to meet in middle

Front 16

Centromere

Back 16

holds chromosomes together

Front 17

Anaphase

Back 17

Chromosomes get pulled apart

Front 18

Telophase

Back 18

Cytokenesis-2 cells
Chromatin
nuclear membrane forms

Front 19

Passive process

Back 19

needs no ATP
through ion channels
movement of solutes

Front 20

Diffusion

Back 20

uses kinetic energy of molecules
may occur through membrane
or through ion channels
Moves down concentration gradient from high to low
Solute gets dissolved- gases(oxygen, Carbon Dioxide), Glucose and amino acids

Front 21

What affects diffusion

Back 21

Steepness of gradient- Greater the difference of concentration the faster the diffusion

Temp.- higher temp faster the diffusion

Mass of diffusing substance-the smaller the molecules the faster the diffusion

Surface area-How many places can substance move in and out of cell

Diffusion distance- the longer the subsance has to travel the longer it takes to diffuse

Front 22

Osmosis

Back 22

Movement of water (solvent)
through a membrane
uses kinetic energy of water molecules

Front 23

Factors that influence osmosis

Back 23

Hydrostatic pressure-pressure of water pushing against membrane wall

Osmotic pressure-Higher concentration pull fluid towards it

concentration gradient

Front 24

Isontonic

Back 24

Normal
Same going in and out of cell

Front 25

Hypotonic

Back 25

Cell undergoes hemolysis
moves toward greater solute
water tries to dilute

Front 26

Hypertonic

Back 26

Water moves out of cell causing crenation

Front 27

Facilitated diffusion

Back 27

passive process-kinetic energy
larger particles

Front 28

Active processes

Back 28

moves against concentration gradient
Requires cellular energy (ATP)
Carrier molecules pumps
example Sodium potassium pump
40% of cells energy

Front 29

Secondary Active Transport

Back 29

Only uses ATP indirectly
Uses the energy stored in a concentration gradient to move substances across the cell membrane
Movement of second substance is against the gradient
Involves symporters and antiporters

Front 30

Symporters

Back 30

moves 2 substances in SAME direction
As sodium moves into cell it brings glucose with it works to absorb glucose into cells of small intestine

Front 31

Antiporters

Back 31

move 2 substances in OPPOSITE directions. Substance that is pumped in primary active transport leaks back into cell, down its gradient

Front 32

Vesicles

Back 32

transporters, dead cells
uses ATP
Endocytosis, Exocytosis and transcytosis

Front 33

Endocytosis

Back 33

movement of molecules into the cell

Front 34

Receptor-mediated endocytoses

Back 34

Highly selective

Front 35

Phagocytosis

Back 35

macrophages and neutrophils

Front 36

Bulk-phase endocytosis

Back 36

Pinocytosis

Front 37

Exocytosis

Back 37

Exit cell
all cells do this, but is esp. important in secretory nerve cells

Front 38

proteins

Back 38

.5-1million types of proteins in the body
cell structures
Hormones and antibodies
Contractile elements in muscle fibers
Enzymes
transporters

Front 39

DNA structure

Back 39

made up of necleotides
Each nucleotide has 3 components- Phosphate, nitrogen base, 5-carbon sugar

Front 40

codon

Back 40

A series of 3 nucleotides

Front 41

Each codon stands for

Back 41

one amino acid

Front 42

Sequence of codons form

Back 42

genes

Front 43

Each gene is the code for one

Back 43

protein

Front 44

Protein synthesis-Transcription

Back 44

Occurs in nucleus
Requires DNA polymerase(catalyst)
Forms messenger RNA mRNA

Front 45

Protein synthesis-Translation

Back 45

Occurs at ribosomes in cytosol
Requires RNA (tRNA)
Forms new proteins
Peptide bonds join amino acids

Front 46

RNA Structure

Back 46

Single strand (DNA is double)
Substitutes uracil for thymine
Uses ribose for its sugar
Formed in nucleus

Front 47

mRNA

Back 47

messenger RNA
formed as complementary strand to DNA, then moves out to cytosol with the blueprint for the protein

Front 48

tRNA

Back 48

transfer RNA
is in cytosol, each tRNA can bind with one specific type of amino acid and position it in the ribosome

Front 49

rRNA

Back 49

Ribosomal RNA
joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes. Used to trace ancestries through maternal lines

Front 50

Atom

Back 50

smalles unit of matter that can be identified as an element

Front 51

Anion

Back 51

an atom or group of atoms with a negative charge

Front 52

Cations

Back 52

an atom or group of atoms with a positive charge

Front 53

Molecules

Back 53

2 or more atoms bonded together, usually refers to covalently bonded substances

Front 54

Compounds

Back 54

2 or more atoms bonded together, usually with ionic bonds

Front 55

Metabolism

Back 55

total of all chemical processes

Front 56

Anabolism

Back 56

starts with simple molecules and forms complex ones-endergonic

Front 57

Catabolism

Back 57

breaks complex molecules down into simpler ones exergonic

Front 58

Anabolism and catabolism

Back 58

happen at the same time in the cell
rates are altered by enzymes
ATP is the energy unit
40% efficient in energy use