Unit 9 Vocabulary

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Absolute Poverty

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Severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information.

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Aggregate

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A sum of individual characteristics, experiences, or behaviors that is used to reflect a collective phenomenon for an entire population

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Alienation

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The state or experience of being isolated from a group or an activity to which one should belong or in which one should be involved

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American Dream

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The set of ideals in which freedom includes opportunity for prosperity and success and an upward social mobility for the family and children, achieve through hard work in a society with you barriers

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Apartheid

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A system of racial segregation in south Africa and forced through legislation by the national party the governing party from 1948 to 1994

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Assimilation

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The blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity

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Belief

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The state of mind in which a person thinks something to be the case with or without there being empirical evidence to prove that something is the case with the factual certainty

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Blue Collar

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Relating to manual work or workers particularly in industry

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Caste System

Back 9

A system of social stratification in which resources and rewards are distributed on the basis of ascribed statuses

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Class system

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A system of social stratification in which distribution of scarce resources and rewards is determined on the basis of the achieved statuses

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Conformists

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A person who conforms to excepted behavior or established practices

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Counterculture

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A group that rejects the values, norms and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns

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Crime

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Any after that is labeled as such by those in authority and it's prohibited by law

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Cultural Diffusion

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The process of spreading cultural traits from one society to another

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Cultural Pluralism

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A policy that allows each group within a society to keep it unique cultural identity

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Culture shock

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Inexperience a person may have one one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one

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Custom

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A traditional and widely excepted way of behaving or do something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time

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Discrimination

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A denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership

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Dominant Group

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A group that possesses the ability to discriminate by virtue of their greater power, privilege, and social status in a society

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Economy

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An area of the production, distribution, or trade, and consumption of goods and services by different agents in a given geographical location

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Eminent Domain

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The right of the government or agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation

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Ethnicity

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A set of cultural characteristics that distinguishes one group from another group

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Ethnic group

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Individuals who share a common cultural background of my common sense of identity

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Ethnocentrism

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The tendency to view want to culture in group as superior to all other cultures in groups

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Exogamy

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Marriage outside of one's own social category

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Feminist

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I conflict theory and theoretical perspective which observes gender and its relation to power both at the level of face-to-face interaction and reflexivity with in a social structure at large

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Folkway

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Norms that do not have great moral significance attached to them- the common customs of every day life

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Gender

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The behavioral and psychological traits considered appropriate for men and women

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Gender identity

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The awareness of being masculine or feminine as those traits are defined by culture

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Gender role

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The specific behaviors and attitudes that a society establishes for men and women

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Gender socialization

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The process of learning the social expectations and attitudes associated with one sex

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Genocide

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Extermination aimed at intentionally destroying an entire targeted population

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Glass Ceiling

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The invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper level positions in business

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Group dynamics

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A system of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group or between social groups

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Government

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Relation between state and society, authority and power, and the method used to formulate policy, powers frequently defined as the ability to influence the behavior of others with or without resistance

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Halo effect

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A cognitive bias in which an observers overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influences the observers feelings and thoughts about entity's character properties

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Income

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Money received especially on a regular basis for work or through investments

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Institution

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A society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose

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Law

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Written rule of conduct that are in enacted and enforced by the government

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Mass media

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The instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contract between individuals sending information and those receiving it such as newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, films, and the Internet

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Material culture

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physical objects created by human groups

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Matriarchy

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The system of society or government ruled by a woman or women

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Middle class

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The broad group of people in contemporary society who fall socioeconomically between the working class and upper class

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Minority group

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A group of people who are singled out and unequally treated because of their physical characteristics or cultural practices

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Monogamy

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The marriage of one man to one woman

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Monotheism

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The belief that there is only one God

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Moral

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Concern with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of human character

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Mcdonalidization

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The term used by sociologist George Ritzer in his book the McDonaldization of society 1993. He explains that it becomes manifest when I culture adopts the characteristics of a fast food restaurant

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Nonmaterial culture

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Abstract human creations such as language, ideas, beliefs, rules, skills, family patterns, work practices, and political and economic systems

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Nuclear family

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A family form that consists of one or both parents and their children

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Patriarchy

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A system in which men are dominant over women

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Prestige

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The respect, honor, recognition, or courtesy and individual receives from other members of society

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Polygamy

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A marriage with multiple partners

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Polytheism

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The belief in more than one God

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Power

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The ability to control the behavior of others, with or without their consent

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Primary socialization

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The acceptance and learning of a set of norms and values established through the process of socialization

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Racism

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The belief that one's own race or ethnic group is naturally superior to other races or ethnic groups

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Relative poverty

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A standard which is defined in terms of the society in which an individual lives in which therefore differs between countries and overtime

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Religion

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A system of rules and norms organized around the sacred realm that binds people together and social groups

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Resocialization

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A break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms

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Revolution

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Fundamental change in political power or orgaizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time when the population rises up in revolt against the current authorities

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Role

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The behavior excepted of someone occupying a particular status

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Role conflict

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A situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another status

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Self fulfilling prophecy

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A prediction that results in behaviors that makes the prediction come true

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Sex (biological)

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Our anatomy as female or male or intersex, it includes our internal and external and external sex organs, chromosomes, and hormones

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Sexist

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The belief that one sex is by nature superior to the other

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Socialization

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The interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society

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Social class

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A grouping of people with similar levels of wealth,power, and prestige

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Social mobility

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The movement between or within social classes

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Social structure

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A network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interaction

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Sociology

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The social sciences studies human society and social behavior

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Social stratification

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The process of dividing societies into categories, ranks, or classes based on certain characteristics

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Socioeconomic status

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A rating that combines social factors such as level of education, occupational prestige, and place of residence with the economic factor of income in order to determine and individuals relative position in a stratification system

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Sociological imagination

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The ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives

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Stereotype

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Oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about category of people

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Stigma

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A mark of social disgrace that sets a deviant individual apart from the rest of society

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Stratification

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A system or formation of layers, classes or categories

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Subculture

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A group with its own unique values, norms, and behaviors that exist within a larger culture

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Symbol

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Anything that stands for something else and has a shared meaning attached to it such as language, gestures, images, sound, physical objects, events, and elements of the natural world that convey a particular meaning

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Taboo

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A social or religious customs prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing

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Tradition

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The transmission of custom or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way

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Trend

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A general direction in which something is developing or changing

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Value

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Shared belief about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable

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Wage gap

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The level of woman's income relative to that of men

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Wealth

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A combination of an individual's assets- the value of everything the person owns- and income-money earned through salaries and investments

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White collar

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Of or relating to the work done or those who work in an office or other professional environment