Unit 9 Terms

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Progressivism

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Reform movement of the late 1800s and early 1900s- urban middle class movement that called for more government regulation of urban/industrial America

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pragmaticism

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Philosophical tradition centered on the linking of practice and theory. It describes a process where theory is extracted from practice, and applied back to practice, made popular during the Progressive Era by William James

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muckrakers

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Journalists who were committed to exposing the problems of urban/industrial America. Ex: Lincoln Steffens, Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo, etc.

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McClure's, Collier's, Cosmopolitan

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Muckraking magazines- often muckraking pieces come serialized in these magazines

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scientific management

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Emphasis on efficiency in the work place- championed by Frederick Winslow Taylor- also known as "Taylorism"- often involved time-motion studies

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social sciences

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Economics, Political Science, Sociology, and Psychology- all grew during the Progressive era in time when experts were highly valued

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Brandeis Brief/sociological jurisprudence

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Using factual information and research to support a case in addition to legal arguments

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direct primary

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Election where voters determine a political party's candidate in the general election

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initiative

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Democratic reform where the people can directly propose laws

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referendum

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Democratic reform where the people can vote directly on a law- ex: Arlington and Cowboy's Stadium

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recall

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Democratic reform where the people can directly remove an elected official from office

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Australian ballot

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The secret reform- Progressive era reform

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Seventeenth Amendment (1913)

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Constitutional amendment that provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators

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Nineteenth Amendment (1920)

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Constitutional amendment that granted woman suffrage

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Galveston Hurricane of 1900

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Deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history- killed more than 6,000- provided the setting to test the commission form of municipal government

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commission form of government

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Municipal government where a panel of experts run the city- best example is Galveston after the hurricane

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city-manager form of government

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A trained expert who is given the responsibility of running municipal cities

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Wisconsin Idea

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Championed by Robert LaFollette. Closer collaboration between universities and the state government to better solve the state's problems

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Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)

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146 workers (mostly women) were killed when a fire started on their upper floors of a cloth-making factory. Led to major reforms to make the workplace a safer place (ex: fire codes)

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Muller v. Oregon (1908)

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A victory for women workers that upheld a state law limiting women to 10-hour workdays. The Brandeis Brief (sociological jurisprudence) was used.

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National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

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More conservative women's suffrage organization led by Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman Catt

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National Woman's Party

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Women's suffrage organization led by Alice Paul that was more radical and called for an equal rights amendment

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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

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Landmark Supreme Court case which basically upholding Jim Crow laws by declaring "separate but equal" accommodations for whites and blacks were constitutional. Not overturned until Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

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Atlanta Compromise (1895)

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Speech given by Booker T. Washington where he called for blacks to work harder and achieve economic equality before social equality could be pushed. Applauded by the largely white audience.

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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Civil rights organization founded by W.E.B Du Bois that promoted equality

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Niagara Movement

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Associated with W.E.B. Du Bois and Black equality

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"talented tenth"

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Term used by W.E.B. Du Bois to describe the best and most intelligent African-Americans to lead the black race

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Great Migration

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The mass movement of African-Americans out of the South to Northern and California cities such as Chicago, Detroit, and Philadelphia. Lasted from about 1915 to the 1960s

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United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

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Marcus Garvey's black power organization that emphasized black pride and a return to Africa

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Guinn v. Oklahoma (1915)

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Struck down the constitutionality of the grandfather clause- one of the few successes for African-Americans at this time

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Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

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Anti-alcohol organization headed by Frances Willard

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Anti-Saloon League

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Prominent prohibitionist organization

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Eighteenth Amendment (1919)

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Established prohibition of the sale and manufacture of intoxicating liquors. Implemented with the Volstead Act. Repealed in 1933 by the Twenty-first Amendment after more than 10 years of failure

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"bully pulpit"

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Term coined to describe TR's effective use of the media

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Square Deal

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Plan by TR that the government should fairly treat business, labor, and public interests. Ex: TR's mediation of the Anthracite Strike

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Anthracite Strike (1902)

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Major commodity that was used to heat homes. The miners went on strike. TR fearing that with winter approaching, people would face great hardships during the cold months. TR brought threatened to send troops to operate the mines and brought labor and business leaders to mediate. This was the first time in U.S. history where a president mediated a labor dispute and he basically sided with the workers

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Elkins and Hepburn Acts (1903, 1906)

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Acts passed during the Roosevelt Administration that increased regulation of the railroads

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Northern Securities Case (1903)

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Railroad conglomerate partially owned by J.P. Morgan, was broken up for violating antitrust laws

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The Jungle (1906)

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Muckraking exposé of the meatpacking industry in Chicago by Upton Sinclair. Sinclair, a socialist, had intended for the book to raise public awareness for the plight of the workers but instead resulted in the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

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Meat Inspection Act (1906)

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Passed in response to The Jungle by Upton Sinclair. Increased federal regulations to protect the consumer from tainted beef.

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Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

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Passed in response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Created the Food and Drug Administration to protect the consumer from bad food and drugs

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conservation movement

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Major effort that increased during TR's administration to protect natural resources, protect endangered species, and preserve national parks

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National Park System

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Began with Yellowstone in 1869 but greatly increased during Roosevelt's administration to conserve and protect the nation's most beautiful natural areas

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Newlands Act (1902)

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The National Reclamation Act- federal funds from the sales of public lands were to be used for irrigation and reclamation projects

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Payne-Aldrich Tariff

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Tariff during the Taft administration that created a major divide between conservatives and progressives in the Republican Party

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Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

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Taft's conservation man, Richard Ballinger, battled with TR's conservation pointman: Gifford Pinchot over the Hetchy Ketchy Valley- Taft's actions alienated many conservationists

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Mann-Elkins Act (1910)

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Passed during the Taft Administration, gave the ICC greater power to regulate interstate railroads

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Election of 1912

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Woodrow Wilson (D) vs. William Howard Taft (Republican) vs. Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive). TR and Taft split enough votes for Wilson to win, only the second Democrat in the White House since the Civil War. Eugene Debs (Socialist) almost won 1 million votes

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Progressive Party (Bull Moose)

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Third party that ran Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 Election, largely of those who were upset with Taft.

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New Nationalism

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TR's domestic program proposed during his campaign as Progressive Party candidate in the 1912 Election, called for much greater federal regulation of the economy and society

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New Freedom

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The term for Wilson's domestic agenda, wanted to attack the "Triple Wall of Privilege": tariffs, banks, and trusts

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Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913)

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Reduction of the tariff during the Wilson administration, also proposed an income tax to offset a loss of tariff revenues

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Federal Reserve Act (1913)

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1st major reorganization of the banking system since the Civil War- created the Federal Reserve (sometimes known as just the Fed)

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Federal Trade Commission

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Created during the Wilson administration, increased federal regulation of interstate commerce and could persecute "unfair trade practices"

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Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

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Antitrust legislation passed during the Wilson administration that prohibited the interlocking directorate and closed other loopholes of the Sherman Anti-trust Act

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Keating-Owen Act (1916)

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First major child labor law that prohibited the interstate shipment of goods made by children under the age of 14, struck down by Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918)

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Adamson Act (1916)

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Established an eight-hour workday for interstate railroad workers

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assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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The event that triggered a chain of events in the Summer of 1914 that led to World War I; Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, was shot by a Serbian ultranationalist

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Triple Entente (Allies)

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Alliance of Russia, Britain, and France, done out of fear of Germany

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Central Powers

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Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

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mobilization

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Gearing up a nation's military for war

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propaganda

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conscription

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A draft. Used by all the major nations in World War I to fill the ranks of ever increasing armies and replace the volunteers who were killed

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Schlieffen Plan

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Pre-war German strategy to avoid a two-front war by focusing on defeating France first before turning to deal with a slower mobilizing Russia

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Verdun/Somme

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Two of the most horrific battles that exemplified the futility of fighting on the Western Front

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U-boats

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German submarines- unterseeboot

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Election of 1916

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Wilson (D) vs. Charles Evans Hughes (Republican)- Wilson won a narrow victory based on the slogan- "He Kept Us Out of War"

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Preparedness Movement

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Push by Theodore Roosevelt, Leonard Wood, and to a lesser extent Woodrow Wilson to build up the U.S. military in case the U.S. went to war in World War I. Ex: The National Defense Act of 1916

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British blockade

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Britain's effort to strangle the Central Powers into submission- very effective in contributing to Allied victory

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unrestricted U-boat warfare

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German policy of submarines shooting first and asking questions later- resulted in things such as the sinking of the Lusitania. Done because U-boats were so vulnerable if they surfaced to warn a ship it was going to be sun. Stopped with the Sussex Pledge, but resumed on February 1, 1917 hoping to knock out Britain to win the war

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The Lusitania

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Massive passenger liner that was sunk by German U-boats on May 7, 1915- killed more than 1,000- including 128 Americans

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Sussex Pledge

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German promise to no longer to continue unrestricted warfare after the sinking of the Lusitania. Reneged on February 1, 1917 when Germany resumed unrestricted u-boat warfare

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Zimmerman Telegram (1917)

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German proposal to Mexico that if they went to war on Germany's side they would receive the land lost in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Intercepted by British intelligence and made the United States irate

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Committee on Public Information (CPI)

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Also known as the Creel Committee after its head- the CPI was a propaganda agency that produced posters, films, etc. to convince the American people the righteousness of the Allied cause

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Espionage Act, Section Act, Trading-with-the Enemies Act

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Various acts passed during World War I to stifle dissent

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Schenck v. United States (1919)

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The Supreme Court upheld limiting freedom of speech and press during World War I based on the doctrine of "clear and present danger". A Socialist's arrest for urging men to resist the draft was upheld

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Liberty Bonds

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Way for the government to raise money for the war effort without raising taxes too much or printing off too much money- it was seen as one's patriotic duty to participate. Citizens buy bonds from the government and eventually they are paid back with a little interest

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War Industries Board

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Government agency that managed resources and production during World War I- headed by Bernard Baruch

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Selective Service Act (1917)

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The draft during World War I- remedied some of the problems of Civil War conscription (ex: could not hire a substitute)

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race riots in the North

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Northern cities that had a large influx of African-American immigrants from the Great Migration had high tensions- Chicago (1919), Tulsa (1921), East St. Louis (1917)

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Influenza Pandemic

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One of the worst epidemics in world history. At least 50 million worldwide were killed. What was unusual was that young, healthy people were victims too.

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American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

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The name for the U.S. Army in France, commanded by John J. Pershing

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St. Mihel/Chateau-Thierry/Argonne Forest

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The most important engagements the U.S. forces (AEF) participated in during World War I

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Russian Revolution

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Russia had major problems during World War I and discontent festered. In October 1917 Vladimir Lenin led the Bolshevik Revolution. The Tsar was toppled and a communist dictatorship was created

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Russian Civil War

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The Reds (Communists) vs. Whites (various non-communist forces). The Reds led by Vladimir Lenin were victorious despite the U.S., Britain, and Japan providing supplies and sending troops to help the Whites

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armistice

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A end to the fighting, a cease fire. 11 November 1918 at 11 am

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Fourteen Points

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Wilson's vision for the post-war world. Included self-determination (ex: Poland being independent), principles to govern international relations (ex: freedom of the seas) and a League of Nations. Wilson in part proposed these to encourage Germany to surrender with good terms.

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self-determination

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Giving a people the right to govern themselves. For example, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia became independent nations out of the crumbled Russia, Austrian-Hungarian, and German Empires

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League of Nations

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Collective security organization pushed by Woodrow Wilson. Ultimately failed after World War I because it was a paper tiger and the United States was never a member because the U.S. Senate never ratified the Treaty of Versailles

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Versailles Treaty

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Treaty that ended World War I. Severely punished Germany by stripping it of territory and much of its offensive military, and was forced to pay high reparations. New nations such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, etc. were created. Most importantly the League of Nations was created.

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The Big Four

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The leaders of the major Allied nations at the Versailles Conference (Georges Clemenceau-France, David Lloyd George-Britain, Vittorio Orlando-Italy, Woodrow Wilson-U.S.)

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War Guilt Clause (Article X)

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Provision in the Treaty of Versailles which assumed full blame to Germany for causing World War I, justified the Allies imposing such harsh terms on Germany

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reparations

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Payment for damages incurred, done in the Treaty of Versailles where Germany had to pay the Allies outrageous reparations

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dolchstoss

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The German idea, especially used by the Nazis, that Germany really didn't lose World War I but instead were stabbed in the back by Jews, Communists, etc.

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Irreconcilables

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Republican Senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations on all grounds whatsoever; ex: William Borah

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Reservationists

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Republican Senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations, but were willing to make some compromises, ex: Henry Cabot Lodge

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"Solemn Referendum"

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Woodrow Wilson's cross-country speaking tour to try to convince the American people to support the League of Nations, a way to persuade the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. Woodrow Wilson overexerted himself and experienced a massive stroke that left him incapacitated for much of the rest of his term.