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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Autotroph
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Make own food
Ex. Algae |
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Heterotroph
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Different food source from self
Ex. Fungi, Amoeba |
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Aerobe
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Need oxygen to survive
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Anaerobe
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Do not use oxygen
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Obligate Anaerobe
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Can not have oxygen or they will die
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General equation for photosynthesis
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H2O+CO2+SUNLIGHT ---> O2+SUGAR
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Endosymbiotic Relationship
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When one organism lives within another and both benefit from it
Ex. Algae within giant clams |
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Symbiotic Relationship
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When two organisms benefit from one another
Ex. Nemo(Clown Fish) and Sea Anenome |
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Lynn Margulis
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Female of the Homo Sapien race. Teacher at Boston University in 80's. Insignificant for this test. Obsession of the Tobes. Proposed theory of Phagocytosis, formerly Endosymbiosis.
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Phagocytosis (Endocytosis)
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Process of a cell "swallowing" another cell.
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External Heterotrophs
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Digest food outside selves
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Hypothesis
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Do we really need to learn this? No.
*Swallows the world in* "Prediction about the outcome of a testable experiment.." *Deep breath out* |
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Radioactive Decay
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The time period in which an isotope will break down; the loss of neutrons
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Isotope
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An atom with an irregular amount of neutrons
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Radiometric Dating
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A method of dating geological or archeological specimens by determining the relative proportions of particular radioactive isotopes present in a sample
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What occurs during Radioactive Decay
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A neutron will break down to a proton (+) and electron (-)
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Beta Particle
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Electrons that break away during Radioactive Decay
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Half-Life
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Continual breakdown of an atom
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Half-Life of Carbon-14
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5730!!!
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Dendrochronology
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Tree ring dating.
Each year the tree will add a layer of cells. Summer- thick layer Winter- thin layer Also shows record of climate/ fire Dry year- small ring Wet year- large ring |
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Palisade Mesophyll
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Closely packed cells that absorb light when it enters the plant
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Epidermis
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Composed of tough, irregularly shaped cells. Also covered by a cuticle.
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Spongy Mesophyll
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Closely packed cells that absorb light when it enters the plant
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Xylem
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Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the root to every part of the plant
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Guard Cells
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Highly, specialized cells which surround the somata and control opening
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Phloem
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A transport tissue that transports nutrients and carbohydrates
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Ions
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Atoms that are either missing an electron or have an extra one
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Carbon atoms to know
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C-12 (Regular)- 6 neutrons, 6 protons
C-14 (Isotope) - 8 neutrons, 6 protons |
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Covalent Compounds
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When atoms share electrons
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Ionic Compounds
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When electrons are donated from one atom to another
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How old is the Earth?
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4.5 billion years old
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How old are the oldest fossils of Bacteria?
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3.5 billion years old
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What membrane bound organelles have their own independent DNA?
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Nucleus- has chromosomes(with introns and exons),
Chloroplasts- have circular loops(no introns), Mitochondria- have circular loops(no introns) |
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How can you recognize an autotroph from a heterotroph?
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Autotrophs have photosynthetic pigments
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How can you recognize an autotrophic bacteria from an autotophic protist or plant?
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Most autotropic plants/protists have chloroplasts, while autotrophic bacteria do not
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How can you recognize an autotrophic protist from an autotrophic plant?
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Adaptions to land by autotrophic plants
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How can we tell the age of the Earth?
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Radiometric Dating
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Are spores Haploid or Diploid?
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Haploid
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Of what generation are spores?
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Gametophyte
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In what plant groups would you find spores?
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Moss, Ferns
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What is/are the function(s) of a spore?
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Used to produce new plants, used for dispersal and is water resistant
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Is pollen Haploid or Diploid?
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Haploid
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Of what generation is Pollen?
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Gametophyte
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In what plant groups would you find pollen?
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Angiosperms, Gymnosperms
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What is/are the function(s) of pollen?
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Fertilization without water
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Are seeds Haploid or Diploid?
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Diploid
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Of what generation is a seed?
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Sporophyte
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In what plant groups would you find seeds?
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Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
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What is/are the function(s) of a seed?
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Acts as a plant embryo and food supply; dispersal of embryo
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Describe at least two adaptions that make Gymnosperms better adapted to land than Ferns
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Seeds- disperse embryo
Pollen- fertilizes(transports sperm) |
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Describe at least two adaptions that make angiosperms better adapted to land than Conifers
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Ovary- fruit disperses and protects seed
Flowers- attracts pollinaters for cross pollination |
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Describe at least two adaptions that make Tracheophytes better adapted to land than Mosses
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Vascular tissue, dominant sporophyte
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Chitin
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Polymer made of modified sugars; contained in the cell walls of Fungi
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How do Fungi "feed"?
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1. Produce enzymes that digest food outside their bodies
2. Then absorb small molecules released by enzymes. They feed by absorbing nutrients from decaying matter in soil or also absorbing nutrients from bodies of hosts. |
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Structure of Mushrooms (fungi)
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1.Bodies made up of Hyphae (long, slender branching filaments)
2.Cross walls divide hyphae into compartments-each contain 1-2 nuclei 3. In cross walls, there are openings through which cytoplasm and organelles move Other notes: 1. Mushroom is fruiting body 2. Body grows from mycelium- mass of branching hyphae below the soil |
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Notes on The Plant Kingdom
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1. Plants are eukaryotes - have cell walls that contain cellulose, carry out phtosynthesis using chlorophyll a and b
2. Most are autotrophs, some can be parasites |
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Prokaryotes
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Unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus
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Where is Prokaryote DNA located?
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Cytoplasm
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What two distinct groups are prokaryotes classified under?
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Bacteria or Archaea- two of the three domains of life (Eukarya being the third)
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Where do Bacteria live?
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Fresh water, salt water, on land, and on/within the bodies of humans and other eukaryotes
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Peptidoglycan
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A polymer of sugars and amino acids that surrounds the cell membrane of Bacteria
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Where do Archaea live?
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Many can live in extremely harsh environments i.e. with little or no oxygen, in very salty environments(Great Salt Lake), or in hot springs.
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Bacilli
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Rod-shaped prokaryotes
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Cocci
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Spherical prokaryotes
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Spirilla
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Spiral and corkscrew-shaped prokaryotes
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Binary Fission
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Form of aesexual reproduction.
When a prokaryote has grown almost twice its size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half so that an identical cell has been produced |
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Endospore
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A thick internal wall that encloses DNA and a portion of cytoplasm.
Formed by prokaryotes when under unfavorable conditions- allows for survival in harsh conditions |
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How do Prokaryote populations evolve?
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1.Mutation- mutations are inherited by daughter cells produced by binary fission
2. Conjugation- a hollow bridge forms between two bacterial cells and and genetic material is exchanged (most often in the form of plasmids) |
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What roles do prokaryotes play in the world?
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Decomposers, Producers, Nitrogen Fixers
Human uses include food production, industrial chemistry, and for medicinal reasons |
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Protists
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Eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms
Most are unicellular, but many are not |
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How many clades are Protists divided into?
What are they? |
6 clades.
1. Excavata 2. Chromalveolata 3. Cercozoa, Foraminifera, and Radiolaria 4. Rhodophyta (red algae) 5. Amoebozoa 6. Choanozoa |
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Amoebid Movement
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Unicellular protist movement.
Move by changing shape, a process that takes advantage of cytoplasmic projections known as pseudopods |
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How do fungi affect homeostasis in other organisms and the environment?
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1. Decomposition- Help maintain homeostasis by breaking down dead organisms and recycling wastes
2.Parasitism- Can cause disease in plants and animals 3. Lichens- Fungi can form symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic organisms |
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Lichen
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Symbiotic assoc. between a fungus and photosynthetic organism
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Mycorrhizae
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Symbiotic assoc. between plant roots and fungi
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Why are Bryophytes small?
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Don't make linin and do not contain true vascular tissue.
Can not draw water higher than a meter above ground. |
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Sporangium
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Spore capsule
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Archegonia
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Where Moss eggs are produced
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Antheridia
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Where Moss sperm is produced
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Tracheophytes
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Vascular plants
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Seed
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A plant embryo and a food supply
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Gymnosperms
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Bear seeds directly on scales of cones
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Angiosperms
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Flowering plants.
Bear seeds inside a layer of tissue that protects the seed. |
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Where are seeds located in an angiosperm?
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Enclosed in a layer of ovary tissue
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Ciliates
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Move using cilia
Has two nuclei-macronucleus, micronucleus Food is gathered through the mouth pore, moved into a gullet, forms a food vacuole Anal pore is used for removing waste Contractile vacuole removes excess water Reproduces asexually (binary fission) or sexually (conjugation) |
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Monocot
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Angiosperm with one seed leaf
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Dicot
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Angiosperm with two seed leaves
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How are different angiosperms categorized?
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Often grouped according to the number of their seed leaves, the strength/composition of their stems, and number of growing seasons they live
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