Unit 8

Front 1

ganglion cells

Back 1

retinal neuron that is postsynaptic to bipolar cells; axons of ganglion cells form optic nerve

Front 2

rod

Back 2

one of the two receptor types for photic energy; contains the photopigment rhodopsin

Front 3

cone

Back 3

one of the two retinal receptor types for photic energy; gives rise to color vision

Front 4

rhodopsin

Back 4

photopigment is rods

Front 5

opsin

Back 5

protein component of photopigment

Front 6

retinal

Back 6

from of vitamin A that forms chromophore component of photopigment

Front 7

bipolar cells

Back 7

type of nerve cell that has one input branch and one output branch

Front 8

photoreceptor cells

Back 8

sensory cells specialized to respond to light; contains pigments that make it sensitive to different light wavelengths

Front 9

photo-transduction

Back 9

process by which light is converted into electrical signals in the rod cells, cone cells and photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina of the eye.

Front 10

retina

Back 10

thin layer of neural tissue lining back of eyeball; contains receptors for vision

Front 11

sclera

Back 11

the tough, outermost tissue layer of the eyeball

Front 12

iris

Back 12

ringlike structure surrounding pupil of eye

Front 13

lens

Back 13

adjustable part of eye's optical system, which helps focus object's image on retina

Front 14

accommodation reflex

Back 14

adjustment of eye for viewing various distances by changing shape of lens

Front 15

cornea

Back 15

transparent structure covering front of eye; forms part of eye's optical system and helps focus an object's image on retina

Front 16

anterior chamber

Back 16

the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface, the endothelium.

Front 17

vitreous humor

Back 17

jellylike fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye

Front 18

fovea

Back 18

area near center of retina where cones are most concentrated; gives rise to most acute vision

Front 19

optic nerve

Back 19

bundle of neurons connecting the eye to the optic chiasm

Front 20

optic disc

Back 20

region of the retina where neurons to the brain exit the eye; lack of photoreceptors here results in a "blind spot"

Front 21

optic tract

Back 21

bundle of neurons connecting the optic chiasma to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

Front 22

optic chiasm

Back 22

place a the base of the brain at which optic nerves meet; some neurons cross here to other side of brain

Front 23

optic radiation

Back 23

a collection of axons from relay neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus carrying visual information to the visual cortex (also called striate cortex) along the calcarine fissure.

Front 24

primary visual cortex

Back 24

a specific area of the posterior lobe of the cerebral cortex

Front 25

lateral geniculate body

Back 25

receives information directly from the ascending retinal ganglion cells via the optic nerve and from the reticular activating system.

Front 26

superior colliculus

Back 26

direct behavioral responses toward specific points in egocentric ("body-centered") space

Front 27

pupil

Back 27

opening in iris of eye though which light passes to reach retina

Front 28

pinna

Back 28

is the visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head (this may also be referred to as the auricle or auricula).

Front 29

ear ossicles

Back 29

contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea).

Front 30

tympanic membrane

Back 30

a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear. Its function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear

Front 31

basilar membrane

Back 31

within the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani

Front 32

organ of Corti

Back 32

the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains auditory sensory cells, or "hair cells."

Front 33

hair cells

Back 33

the auditory hair cells are located within the organ of Corti on a thin basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear

Front 34

cochlea

Back 34

he auditory portion of the inner ear. Its core component is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea.

Front 35

CN XIII

Back 35

responsible for transmitting sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.

Front 36

Auditory nerve

Back 36

a nerve in the head that carries signals from the cochlea of the inner ear to the brain. It is part of the vestibulocochlear nerve, the 8th cranial nerve

Front 37

inferior colliculi

Back 37

the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several more peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. The inferior colliculus has three subnuclei.

Front 38

utricle

Back 38

structure in the semicicular canals that responds to changes in linear movement of the head by mechanical forces on otoliths located on it's surface

Front 39

semicircular canals

Back 39

passage in temporal bone; contains sense organs for equilibrium and movement

Front 40

saccule

Back 40

structure in the semicircular canals that responds to changes in linear movement of the head by mechanical forces on otoliths locates on its surface

Front 41

labyrinth

Back 41

complicated bony structure that houses the cochlea and vestibular apparatus

Front 42

cupula

Back 42

a gelatinous mass within the semicircular canals that contains sterocilia and responds to head movement

Front 43

ampulla

Back 43

structure in the wall of the semicircular canals containing hair cells that respond to head movement

Front 44

nystagmus

Back 44

a form of involuntary eye movement that is part of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). It is characterized by alternating smooth pursuit in one direction and saccadic movement in the other direction.

Front 45

motion sickness

Back 45

a condition in which a disagreement exists between visually perceived movement and the vestibular system's sense of movement

Front 46

vertigo

Back 46

a specific type of dizziness, a major symptom of a balance disorder. It is the sensation of spinning or swaying while the body is actually stationary with respect to the surroundings.

Front 47

vestibular nerve

Back 47

one of the two branches of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (the cochlear nerve being the other). It goes to the semicircular canals via the vestibular ganglion. It receives positional information.

Front 48

Meniere's Disease

Back 48

a disorder of the inner ear that can affect hearing and balance. It is characterized by episodes of dizziness and tinnitus and progressive hearing loss, usually in one ear