Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cognition |
Mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communication |
|
|
Concept |
Mental grouping of similar objects events ideas or people |
|
|
Prototype |
Mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides quick and easy method for including items in a category |
|
|
Algorithm |
Methodical logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with use of heuristics |
|
|
Heuristic |
Simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements / solve problems efficiently, speedier but more error prone than algorithms |
|
|
Insight |
Sudden often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
|
|
Creativity |
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
|
|
Confirmation bias |
Tendency to search for info that confirms ones preconceptions |
|
|
Fixation |
Inability to see a problem from a new perspective impediment to problem solving |
|
|
Mental set |
Tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, a way that has been successful in the past, may or may not be helpful in solving problem |
|
|
Functional fixedness |
Tendency to think of things only in terms of their visual functions, an impediment to problem solving |
|
|
Representativeness heuristic |
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes, may lead us to ignore other relevant info |
|
|
Availability heuristic |
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, if instances come readily to mind, because of vividness, we presume such events are common |
|
|
Overconfidence |
Tendency to be more confident than correct, to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments |
|
|
Belief perseverance |
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
|
|
Intuition |
Effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit conscious reasoning |
|
|
Framing |
The way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments |
|
|
Language |
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
|
|
Phoneme |
In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
|
|
Morpheme |
In language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, maybe a word or part of a word, prefix |
|
|
Grammar |
In a language a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
|
|
Semantics |
Set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language. Study of meaning |
|
|
Syntax |
Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
|
|
Babbling stage |
Beginning at about 4 months, stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
|
|
One-word stage |
Stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2 years old, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
|
|
Two-word stage |
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements |
|
|
Telegraphic speech |
Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-go car-using mostly nouns and verbs |
|
|
Linguistic determinism |
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
