Unit 7&8

Front 1

nose

Back 1

the part of the face or facial region in humans and certain animals that contains the nostrils and the organs of smell and functions as the usual passageway for air in respiration: in humans it is a prominence in the center of the face formed of bone and cartilage, serving also to modify or modulate the voice.

Front 2

pharynx

Back 2

the tube or cavity, with its surrounding membrane and muscles, that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus.

Front 3

larynx

Back 3

Anatomy. a muscular and cartilaginous structure lined with mucous membrane at the upper part of the trachea in humans, in which the vocal cords are located.

Front 4

trachea

Back 4

Anatomy, Zoology. the tube in humans and other air-breathing vertebrates extending from the larynx to the bronchi, serving as the principal passage for conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

Front 5

bronchi

Back 5

either of the two main branches of the trachea.

Front 6

bronchioles

Back 6

Any of the fine, thin-walled, tubular extensions of a bronchus.

Front 7

alveoli

Back 7

a little cavity, pit, or cell, as a cell of a honeycomb.

Front 8

diaphragm

Back 8

Anatomy A muscular membranous partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities and functioning in respiration. Also called midriff.

Front 9

mouth

Back 9

the opening through which an animal or human takes in food.

Front 10

stomach

Back 10

a saclike enlargement of the alimentary canal, as in humans and certain animals, forming an organ for storing, diluting, and digesting food.

Front 11

digestion

Back 11

the process in the alimentary canal by which food is broken up physically, as by the action of the teeth, and chemically, as by the action of enzymes, and converted into a substance suitable for absorption and assimilation into the body.

Front 12

liver

Back 12

Anatomy. a large, reddish-brown, glandular organ located in the upper right side of the abdominal cavity, divided by fissures into five lobes and functioning in the secretion of bile and various metabolic processes

Front 13

gall bladder

Back 13

a pear-shaped, muscular sac attached to the undersurface of the right lobe of the liver, in which bile is stored and concentrated.

Front 14

bile

Back 14

A bitter, alkaline, brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow fluid that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into the duodenum and aids in the emulsification, digestion, and absorption of fats

Front 15

water absorption

Back 15

The amount of water absorbed by a composite material when immersed in water for a stipulated period of time.

Front 16

large intestines

Back 16

Comes after the small intestine. Large because it is wider than the small intestine.

Front 17

liver

Back 17

a large, reddish-brown, glandular organ located in the upper right side of the abdominal cavity, divided by fissures into five lobes and functioning in the secretion of bile and various metabolic processes.

Front 18

ventricles

Back 18

The chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and contracts to force it into the aorta.

Front 19

valves

Back 19

A membranous structure in a hollow organ or passage, as in an artery or vein, that folds or closes to prevent the return flow of the body fluid passing through it.

Front 20

glomerulus

Back 20

A tuft of capillaries situated within a Bowman's capsule at the end of a renal tubule in the vertebrate kidney that filters waste products from the blood and thus initiates urine formation.

Front 21

Bowman's capsule

Back 21

a membranous, double-walled capsule surrounding a glomerulus of a nephron

Front 22

proximal tubule

Back 22

is made up of a single layer of cuboidal cells with striated borders, and functions especially in the resorption of sugar, sodium and chloride ions, and water from the glomerular filtrate called also proximal tubule

Front 23

loop of henle

Back 23

the part of a nephron between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules that extends, in a loop, from the cortex into the medulla of the kidney.

Front 24

distal tubule

Back 24

is a portion of kidney nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system.

Front 25

collecting duct

Back 25

The collecting duct system of the kidney consists of a series of tubules and ducts that connect the nephrons to the ureter. It participates in electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and excretion, processes regulated by the hormones aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.

Front 26

ureter

Back 26

a muscular duct or tube conveying the urine from a kidney to the bladder or cloaca.

Front 27

bladder

Back 27

a membranous sac or organ serving as a receptacle for a fluid or air

Front 28

pancreas

Back 28

a gland, situated near the stomach, that secretes a digestive fluid into the intestine through one or more ducts and also secretes the hormone insulin.

Front 29

gastric juices

Back 29

Gastric juice is a strong acidic liquid, pH 1 to 3, which is close to being
colourless. The hormone gastrin is released into the bloodstream when peptides

Front 30

fertilization

Back 30

The act or process of initiating biological reproduction by insemination or pollination

Front 31

morula

Back 31

the mass of cells resulting from the cleavage of the ovum before the formation of a blastula.

Front 32

gastrula

Back 32

a metazoan embryo in an early state of germ layer formation following the blastula stage, consisting of a cuplike body of two layers of cells, the ectoderm and endoderm, enclosing a central cavity, or archenteron, that opens to the outside by the blastopore: in most animals progressing to the formation of a third cell layer, the mesoderm.

Front 33

differentiation

Back 33

The process by which cells or tissues undergo a change toward a more specialized form or function, especially during embryonic development.

Front 34

ectoderm

Back 34

the outer germ layer in the embryo of a metazoan.

Front 35

mesoderm

Back 35

The middle embryonic germ layer, lying between the ectoderm and the endoderm, from which connective tissue, muscle, bone, and the urogenital and circulatory systems develop

Front 36

pioneer species

Back 36

The first species or community to colonize or recolonize a barren or disturbed area.

Front 37

temperate grassland

Back 37

Temperate grasslands are composed of a rich mix of grasses and forbs and underlain by some of the world's most fertile soils. Since the development of the steel plow most have been converted to agricultural lands.

Front 38

energy flow

Back 38

Photosynthesis explains how energy from the sun is captured by green plants and used to make food. Most of this energy is used to carry on the plant's life activities. The rest of the energy is passed on as food to the next level of the food chain.

Front 39

carbon cycle

Back 39

the circulation of carbon atoms in the biosphere as a result of photosynthetic conversion of carbon dioxide into complex organic compounds by plants, which are consumed by other organisms: the carbon returns to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide as a result of respiration, decay by fungi, bacteria, etc., and combustion of fossil fuels.

Front 40

water cycle

Back 40

the natural sequence through which water passes into the atmosphere as water vapor, precipitates to earth in liquid or solid form, and ultimately returns to the atmosphere through evaporation.

Front 41

ozon depletion

Back 41

Ozone depletion is the result of a complex set of circumstances and chemistry

Front 42

acid rain

Back 42

precipitation, as rain, snow, or sleet, containing relatively high concentrations of acid-forming chemicals, as the pollutants from coal smoke, chemical manufacturing, and smelting, that have been released into the atmosphere and combined with water vapor: harmful to the environment.

Front 43

desertification

Back 43

the rapid depletion of plant life and the loss of topsoil at desert boundaries and in semiarid regions, usually caused by a combination of drought and the overexploitation of grasses and other vegetation by people

Front 44

tundra

Back 44

A treeless area between the icecap and the tree line of Arctic regions, having a permanently frozen subsoil and supporting low-growing vegetation such as lichens, mosses, and stunted shrubs.

Front 45

herbivore

Back 45

An animal that feeds chiefly on plants.

Front 46

primary consumers

Back 46

Producers are organisms, like green plants, that produce organic compounds from inorganic compounds. These are also a type of autotroph. THen green plants, for example, are are eaten by consumers in this case, grazing animals like the zebra.

Front 47

secondary consumers

Back 47

organisms that obtain nutrients from other organisms. This is also a heterotroph.

Front 48

food web

Back 48

a series of organisms related by predator-prey and consumer-resource interactions; the entirety of interrelated food chains in an ecological community.

Front 49

eutrophication

Back 49

excessive nutrients in a lake or other body of water, usually caused by runoff of nutrients (animal waste, fertilizers, sewage) from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life; the decomposition of the plants depletes the supply of oxygen, leading to the death of animal life; "he argued that the controlling factor in eutrophication is not nitrate but phosphate"

Front 50

mimicry

Back 50

the close external resemblance of an organism, the mimic, to some different organism, the model, such that the mimic benefits from the mistaken identity, as seeming to be unpalatable or harmful.

Front 51

warning coloration

Back 51

a bold, distinctive pattern of color characteristic of a poisonous or unpalatable organism, as the skunk or the monarch butterfly, that functions as a warning to and defense against predators.

Front 52

coevolution

Back 52

evolution involving a series of reciprocal changes in two or more noninterbreeding populations that have a close ecological relationship and act as agents of natural selection for each other, as the succession of adaptations of a predator for pursuing and of its prey for fleeing or evading.

Front 53

logistic growth

Back 53

Self-reproduction is the main feature of all living organisms. This is what distinguishes them from non-living things. Any model of population dynamics include reproduction. We will discuss two most important models of population growth based on reproduction of organisms: exponential and logistic models.

Front 54

density

Back 54

The relative heaviness of objects, measured in units of mass or weight per units of volume.

Front 55

keystone species

Back 55

A species whose presence and role within an ecosystem has a disproportionate effect on other organisms within the system. A keystone species is often a dominant predator whose removal allows a prey population to explode and often decreases overall diversity. Other kinds of keystone species are those, such as coral or beavers, that significantly alter the habitat around them and thus affect large numbers of other organisms.

Front 56

resource partitioning

Back 56

The concept of resource partitioning, as originally developed, relates to evolutionary change in species in response to selection pressures generated by interspecific competition