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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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There are two main types of cholesterol: high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), which _ _ from tissues and transport it to the liver for _. They help protect _ against heart disease. low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which _ _ from the liver to the tissues, including the _ _, which they infiltrate, leading to the development of _, which may lead to heart disease. |
remove cholesterol / excretion. / arteries transport cholesterol / artery walls, / atheroma, |
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There are a number of aspects of diet that increase the risk of heart disease, both _ and _: _ levels of _ raise blood pressure. _ levels of _ _ increase low-density lipoprotein levels and hence blood _ concentration. |
directly / indirectly. high / salt high / saturated fat / cholesterol |
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Foods that act as _, for example, _ _, reduce the risk of heart disease, and so does non-starch _ (_ _). |
antioxidants, / vitamin C, / polysaccharide (dietary fibre). |
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The heart undergoes a sequence of events that is repeated in humans around 70 times each minute when at rest. This is known as the _ _. There are two phases to the beating of the heart: _ (_) and _ (_). Contraction occurs separately in the _ and the _ and is therefore described in two stages. |
cardiac cycle. contraction (systole) / relaxation (diastole). ventricles / atria |
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Stages of the Cardiac Cycle Relaxation of _ (_) : Blood enters atria and ventricles from _ _ and _ _. _ are relaxed and fill with blood. _ are also relaxed. Contraction of _ (_ _) : _ contract, pushing blood into the _. _ remain relaxed. Contraction of _ (_ _) : _ relax. _ contract, pushing blood away from the heart through _ _ and the _. |
heart (diastole) : / pulmonary veins / vena cava. Atria / Ventricles atria (atrial systole) : Atria / ventricles. Ventricles ventricles (ventricular systole) : Atria / Ventricles / pulmonary arteries / aorta. |
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Blood will always move from a region of _ pressure to one of _ pressure. There are situations within the circulatory system when pressure differences would result in blood flowing in the _ _ from that which is desirable. In these circumstances, _ are used to prevent any unwanted backflow of blood. |
higher / lower / opposite direction / valves |
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Valves in the cardiovascular system are designed so that they open whenever the _ in _ _ either side of them favours the movement of blood in the _ _. When pressure differences are reversed, that is, when blood would tend to flow in the _ _ to that which is desirable, the valves are designed to _. |
difference / blood pressure / required direction. / opposite direction / close. |
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Examples of such valves include: _ _ between the left atrium and ventricle and the right atrium and ventricle. These prevent backflow of _ when _ of the ventricles means that _ _ exceeds _ _. _-_ _ in the aorta and pulmonary artery. These prevent backflow of _ into the _ when the pressure in these vessels exceeds that in the _. This arises when the _ _ of the vessels recoil increasing the _ within them and when the ventricle walls _ reducing the _ within the _. |
Atrioventricular valves / blood / contraction / ventricular pressure / atrial pressure. Semi-lunar valves / blood / ventricles / ventricles. / elastic walls / pressure / relax / pressure / ventricles. |
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Examples of such valves include: _ _ in veins that occur throughout the venous system. These ensure that when the veins are _, e.g. when skeletal muscles _, blood flows _ _ the heart rather than _ from it. |
Pocket valves / squeezed, / contract, / back towards / away |
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_ _ is the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle of the heart in one minute. It is usually measured in dm³ min-¹ and depends upon two factors: the _ _ (the rate at which the _ _) the _ _ (_ of _ pumped out at each beat) |
Cardiac output
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