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139 Cards in this Set
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Gilded Age
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Term coined by Mark Twain to describe the Post-Civil War period- especially the politics and corruption of the era
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patronage
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Rewarding loyal supporters with government jobs and perks
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constituents
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A party's group of followers (ex: Blacks in the South- Republicans; Union veterans- Republicans)
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Republicans/Grand Old Party (GOP)
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Political party that appealed to Union veterans, free blacks, and business interests after the Civil War
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"waving the bloody shirt"
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Tactic used by the Republicans to attract Union veterans by portraying the Democrats as the party of secession and disloyalty
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Billion Dollar Congress
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1889-1891- period in which the Republicans dominated both the presidency and Congress- Sherman Antitrust Act, increased pensions for vets, etc.
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tariffs
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Taxes on imports- the #1 source of revenue for the federal government- High supported by GOP- low by Democrats
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McKinley Tariff (1890)
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Passed during the Billion Dollar Congress- highest tariff of the period
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machines
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Political organizations, especially at the municipal level, that seek to maintain power through patronage (ex: Tammany Hall in NYC)
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Tammany Hall
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Most famous of the urban machines- corrupt- led by Boss Tweed
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Credit Mobilier Scandal
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Most famous of the Grant Administration scandals- fraudulent railroad company that was bribing prominent Republicans
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Whiskey Ring/Indian Ring
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Other scandals of the Grant administration, involved key members of the Grant administration though he himself was not involved
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Liberal Republicans
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Third party committed to stopping the corruption of the Republican/Grant administration- Carl Schurz- Election of 1872
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Election of 1872
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Grant won reelection despite a threat from the Liberal Republicans
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Panic of 1873
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1st major financial crisis after the Civil War, caused by overspecualtion
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Greenbackers
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Nickname for the Greenback Labor Party- believed in inflating the economy with paper money to relieve the problems caused by the Panic of 1873
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Crime of '73
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Term coined by proponents of silver when the government took the metal out of circulation
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Election of 1876
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Hayes (Rep) vs. Tilden (D)- Tilden probably won but there were three disputed states (FL, SC, LA)- not enough votes to win majority- election decided by Compromise of 1877 in favor of Hayes
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Compromise of 1877
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Settled the very contentious outcome of the Election of 1876- Hayes (Republican) was granted the presidency in return for an end to Reconstruction
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Mugwumps/Stalwarts/Half-Breeds
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Various factions of the Republican Party in the mid-1880s
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Pendleton Act (1883)
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"Magna Carta" of civil service reform- response to Garfield's assassination- required govt. appointees to take competitive civil service exams
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Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894)
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During Cleveland's 2nd term- lowered tariffs- also had a clause for an income tax that was declared unconstitutional a year later
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Pacific Railway Act of 1862
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Passed during the Civil War- provided for the construction of the transcontinental railroad completed in 1869
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subsidies
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Money given by government: a grant or gift of money from a government to a private company, organization, or charity to help it to function, ex: the government giving generous land grants to help railroads
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transcontinental railroad
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Built across the U.S. from California to the East. Two lines were built- met in the middle at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869- by 1900 four had been completed
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Pullman sleeping cars
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Luxurious railcars designed for overnight travel- Pullman was also the site of a notorious strike between American Railway Union and Pullman Company town
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standard times
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Division of the nation into four time zones- pushed by the railroads to improve and standardize scheduling
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standard gauge
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gauge = width between rail tracks- but the mid-1880s a standard gauge had been implemented- allowing for rail lines to connect without having to change rail cars
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secret rebates
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Discounts provided by railroads to large companies to haul their freight (ex: Standard Oil)- opposed by farmers and small business as discriminatory
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vertical integration
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Controlling the entire production process from the raw materials to the finished goods- cutting out the middle man along the way (ex: Carnegie Steel)
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horizontal integration
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Buying out rival companies in the same industry (ex: Rockefeller buying out smaller refineries)
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steel
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Stronger than iron- the commodity that best demonstrated the economic power of a nation. Increasingly important in post-Civil War America building railroads, bridges, skyscrapers, etc.
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Bessemer Process
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Improved the process of converting iron to steel by removing impurities by blowing air through molten iron- produced cheaper and more durable steel
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U.S. Steel
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The name of Andrew Carnegie's company after it was purchased by J.P. Morgan
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Spindletop
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Massive oil discovery in SE Texas in 1901- spewed oil for days
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philanthropy
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Donating money to charitable causes (ex: to colleges and universities)- ex: Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth
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Gospel of Wealth
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Idea the rich should donate their riches to charitable causes like libraries, theaters, and higher education- Andrew Carnegie- also an idea God had given them their riches
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Munn v. Illinois (1877)
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Upheld the state Granger laws to regulate railroads
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Wabash Case (1886)
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Reversed Munn (1877) by ruling states could not regulate interstate commerce- which most railroads conducted
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Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
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1st major attempt by Congress to regulate railroads, created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC); several loopholes
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Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
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1st major attempt by Congress to regulate trusts, several loopholes which were exacerbated by the E.C. Knight Case (1895). Actually best used against labor unions.
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United States v. E.C. Knight (1895)
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Supreme Court case which gutted the Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890) by ruling the act did not apply to manufacturing
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scabs
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Workers hired to replace striking workers
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yellow dog contracts
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Prohibited workers from joining unions
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blacklists
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Lists of union members or troublesome workers circulated among bosses so those laborers would not be hired
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Great Railroad Strike of 1877
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Railroads such as the Baltimore and Ohio cut wages and railroad workers went on strike over a wide area in solidarity. President Hayes called out the army/militia to put it down. Caused a lot of damage.
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Haymarket Square Riot (1886)
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Workers from the McCormick Harvester Works went on strike which created underlining tensions in Chicago. There was a peaceful demonstration with speakers at the Haymarket Square. A bomb was thrown killing some policemen and others. This act was blamed on anarchists. More than anything the Haymarket Square Riot killed off the Knights of Labor
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Homestead Strike (1892)
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Workers at one of Carnegie's steel mills went on strike. Henry Clay Fricke, Carnegie's right-hand man, sent Pinkerton detectives to take over the factory. The workers and Pinkertons waged a battle but in the end the steel workers union was broken
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Pinkertons
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Private detective force often hired by business leaders against strikers (ex: during the Homestead Strike)
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Pullman Strike (1895)
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The Pullman company town increased the price of goods in company town- American Railway Union led by Debs went on strike- court injunction and federal troops (mail) were called out and ended it
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National Labor Union
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The first major union after the Civil War- many weaknesses- basically over shortly after the Panic of 1873, led by William Sylvis
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Molly Maguires
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Radical Irish coal miners in Pennsylvania who resulted to violence and terrorism to achieve their goals
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Knights of Labor
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Broad based union of the late 1870s-mid-1880s- allowed skilled and unskilled workers- doomed by the Haymarket Square Riot (1886)- Uriah Stephens and Terrence Powderly
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American Federation of Labor
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Led by Samuel Gompers- allowed only skilled workers (trade unionism)- believed in basic demands- "bread and butter unionism"- replaced the Knights in importance
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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
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Also known of the Wobblies- radical, anti-capitalist union of the 1890s-1910s- led by Big Bill Haywood- doomed by World War I
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closed shop vs. open shop
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Closed shop requires labor force to be union members- the open shop is the opposite. Unions favor closed shop while employers prefer open shop.
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Socialist Party
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Led by Eugene V. Debs and to a lesser extent Daniel DeLeon- opposed the capitalist excesses of the post-Civil War period- really never gained broad based popularity
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socialism
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Political/economic philosophy were government owns the means of production to avoid capitalist excesses (ex: owning the railroads and telegraphs)
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anarchy
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Political philosophy where there is no government- increased popularity in the post-Civil War period and in Europe- often resort to violence (Ex: assassination of President McKinley)
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City Beautiful Movement
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Push to beautify urban areas with public parks and natural spaces (ex: Frederick Law Olmstead and Central Park in NYC)
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suburbs
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Areas of cities outside the central core of the city- this is where the wealthy tended to live- growth enabled by transportation developments
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dumbbell tenements
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Design of urban tenements (basically apartment buildings) that maximized space to allow for maximum occupancy- led to urban areas having very high population densities
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New Immigration
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Describes the wave of immigrants of the 1880s-1920 that was from Eastern and Southern Europe (Italy, Greece, Russia, etc)- different from previous waves in terms of origin, religion, culture, etc.
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WASPs
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White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
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birds of passage
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Term for immigrants who did not remain permanently in the U.S.- returned at some point- after the Civil War it was estimated to be 1/3
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Ellis Island
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Immigration processing depot in New York City, opened in 1892- many of the New Immigrants came through Ellis Island
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anti-Semitism
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Hatred/discrimination/prejudice of Jews
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American Protective Association
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Powerful nativist organization in the 1890s
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settlement houses
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Ex: Hull House run by Jane Addams. Provided opportunities for college-educated women to provide services to immigrant neighborhoods (ex: English classes)
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Protestant fundamentalism
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Literal interpretation of the Bible- ex: the Genesis as the story of creation rather than evolution/Darwinism
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Social Gospel
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Protestant reform movement of churches trying to tackle the problems of urban America- Washington Gladden and Walter Rauschenbusch
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Salvation Army
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Organization that typified the Social Gospel
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YMCA
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Young Men's Christian Association- example of the Social Gospel
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Darwinism
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Theory of evolution and natural selection to describe origins of man
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Chautauqua Movement
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Education- travelling lecture circuits across the United States (ex: Russell Conwell and William Jennings Bryan)- very popular
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Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
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Provided for federal funds for the creation of state land grant colleges- typically agricultural and mechanical colleges such as Texas A&M
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
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Upheld the constitutionality of "separate but equal" facilities for whites and blacks in the South- overturned by Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
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Tuskegee Institute
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Founded by Booker T. Washington and George Washington Carver- education institute for blacks in Alabama- industrial training in line with Washington's philosophy
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Vassar, Wellesley, Bryn Mawr
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Famous women's colleges
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Johns Hopkins
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Graduate school in Baltimore based on the German model of specialized research
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Comstock Act (1873)
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Morality law which prohibited mailing obscene materials, including information on birth control
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Gibson Girl
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Cartoon character by Charles Dana Gibson idealizing the woman as sleek, athletic, and curvy
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National American Woman Suffrage Association
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Pushed for woman suffrage- included Susan B. Anthony and Carrie Chapman Catt
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Minor v. Happersett (1875)
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A setback for the women's suffrage movement by upholding state restrictions on women suffrage
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chain and department stores
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Changed the shopping experience and provided standard goods across the country- dominated smaller stores
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Sears and Roebuck
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Mail-order store that used catalogs sent via mail to attract a nation-wide market
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Social Darwinism
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"Survival of the fittest'- Spencer and Sumner- applied Darwin's theories to man- used to justify big trusts, racism, imperialism, etc.
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baseball
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The most popular spectator sport of the late 1800s, 1903- 1st World Series
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vaudeville
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Influenced by immigrant culture- shows with a variety of acts such as singing, dancing, comedy, ventriloquists, etc.
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minstrel shows
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White actors in black face- very popular among whites in lampooning blacks
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Realism
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A shift away from Romanticism- emphasis on life as it is- not as it is idealized- ex: Ashcan School of art and literature of Dreiser and Twain
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dime novels
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Cheap novels, typically about the Wild West (ex: the novels of Bret Hart)
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Californios
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The Mexican natives of California- discriminated against with the flood of Anglos with the California Gold Rush
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Chinese
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First came with the Cal. Gold Rush- later worked on transcontinental railroad- target of racism and discrimination on the West Coast
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Workingman's Party
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Nativist organization led by Denis Kearney- directed their anger at Chinese on the West Coast
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Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
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First law to restrict an immigrant group - response to nativist sentiments and racism on the West Coast
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Angel Island
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The "Ellis Island" for the Chinese- located in San Francisco
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reservation system
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The plan for sequestering Indians on certain areas of land where they can be out of the way of white expansion (ex: Oklahoma)
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Bureau of Indian Affairs
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Often corrupt federal agency entrusted with dealing with Native Americans and managing reservations
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Sand Creek Massacre (1864)
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Led by Col. J.M. Chivington- attack on largely defense Cheyenne village in Colorado
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Sioux/Cheyenne
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Tribes that dominated the northern part of the Great Plains- Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
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The Black Hills
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Located in the Dakotas- sacred/holy land for the Sioux and Cheyenne- discovery of gold led to settlers led to Little Big Horn (1876)
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Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)
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Massacre of Custer's command at the hands of Sioux and Cheyenne- last great victory of the Plains Indians
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Buffalo Soldiers
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Term for Black cavalrymen fighting on the Great Plains- term of respect given by the Native Americans
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Nez Perce
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Led by Chief Joseph- failed in their flight to the sanctuary of Canada
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Comanche
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Dominated the southern Great Plains (ex: Texas)- led by Quannah Parker
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Apache
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Led by Geronimo- resilient people of the Southwest (Arizona and New Mexico)
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Ghost Dance
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Religious movement introduced by Wovoka- scared the whites because the Indians believed the buffalo would return, the white's bullets would not harm them, and their ancestors would return- led to the tensions that led to Wounded Knee
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Wounded Knee
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December 1890- massacre of Sioux village (precipitated by Ghost Dance) basically marked the end of the Plains Indian Wars
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extermination of the buffalo
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The #1 reason for the defeat of the Plains Indians- wholesale slaughter by white hunters make the buffalo almost extinct
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Carlisle Indian School
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One of many institutions to try to assimilate Indian youth
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Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
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Major attempt by the federal government to assimilate Indians attempting to make them into small farmers by breaking up tribal lands into individual plots. Ultimately proved disastrous to Native Americans.
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A Century of Dishonor (1881)
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By Helen Hunt Jackson- documented the long history of broken treaties by the federal govt. against the Indians
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Homestead Act (1862)
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Provided 160 acres of land in the Great Plains as long as settlers remained 5 years and improved the land, lots of fraud and 160 was too little for arid Great Plains
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Timber Culture Act (1873)
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Addition to the Homestead Act which granted an additional 160 acres for planting trees
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Oklahoma/Sooners
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Indian Territory was opened to Anglo settlement in 1889- "final fling of settlement"- some jumped the gun early and were known as Sooners
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barbed wire
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Invented by Joseph Glidden- enabled fencing on the treeless Great Plains- led to fencing wars of farmers vs. ranchers vs. ranchers
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sodbusters
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Nickname for settlers on the Great Plains- after the material their homes were often made of
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Comstock Lode
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Major discovery of silver in Nevada
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Yonder-siders
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Miners who left California for strikes in the Rocky Mountains
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Texas longhorns
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Tough, semi-wild animal roaming Texas- driven by enterprising cowboys to rail hubs in Kansas where they could be shipped via rail to meatpacking plants in the West
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The Long Drive
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The term for the cattle drives from Texas to rail hubs in Kansas and Nebraska (ex: Goodnight-Loving Trail, Chisholm Trail)
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Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
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Very popular in the East- had real life cowboys, Indians, and animals- great example of Easterners fascination with the Wild West
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Frederick Jackson Tuner's "Frontier Thesis"
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Written in response (1893) to the closing of the frontier (Census of 1890)- argued the frontier was an essential character of American culture and identity- safety valve for the discontent
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bonanza wheat farms
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Massive wheat farms with thousands of acres- ex: Oliver Dalrymple's in the Dakotas
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Hatch Act (1887)
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Federal law which established agricultural research stations
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inflation
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Currency loses its value- it depreciates; farmers and other debtors wanted inflation (greenbacks or silver) to easier pay back their debts
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Bland-Allison Act (1878)
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Required the federal government to buy a certain amount of silver to issue as currency- victory for proponents of inflation
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The Grange
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Farmers organization that provided social activities and travelling lectures, increasingly became political (ex: state laws to regulate railroads)
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Granger Laws
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State laws, often in Great Plains states, to regulate railroads. Upheld in Munn v. Illinois (1877) but overturned by the Wabash Case (1886)
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Farmers' Alliance
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Successor to the Grange in the late 1880s and early 1890s, increasingly political, C.W Macune, platform articulated in the Ocala Demands (1890)
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Ocala Demands (1890)
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Platform of the Farmers' Alliance; called for subtreasury system, free and unlimited coinage of silver, an end to tariffs, direct election of senators, government regulation of railroads
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Populist Party
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Political party of the 1890s that ran candidates in 1892 and 1896. Strong among farmers, especially in the Great Plains. #1 issue was inflation through free and unlimited coinage of silver; prominent leaders included Ignatius Donnelly, Mary E. Lease, Tom Watson, and William Jennings Bryan
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Omaha Platform (1892)
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Platform of the Populist Party in 1892, mirrored the Ocala Demands (1890)- #1 issue was the free and unlimited coinage of silver
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Panic of 1893
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Worst financial crisis in U.S. History prior to the Great Depression, lasted for almost 5 years
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Coxey's March (1894)
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March of an unemployed "army" led by Jacob Coxey that came to Washington D.C. demanding public works jobs to offset the unemployment of the Panic of 1893
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Election of 1896
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William Jennings Bryan (Democratic and Populist) vs. William McKinley (Republican). The Democrats and Populists merged behind Bryan ("Cross of Gold" Speech). The #1 issue was the free and unlimited coinage of silver. McKinley and the Republicans' victory spelled the end of the Populist Party- one of the most important elections in U.S. History
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Gold bugs
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Supporters of the gold standard, in the Democratic Party specifically (ex: Grover Cleveland)
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Cross of Gold Speech
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William Jennings Bryan's acceptance speech in 1896- urged for the free and unlimited coinage of silver
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