Unit 7-8

Front 1

maltase

Back 1

an enzyme that converts maltose into glucose and causes similar cleavage of many other glucosides.

Front 2

lactase

Back 2

an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing lactose into glucose and galactose.

Front 3

phosphatases

Back 3

Any of numerous enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of esters of phosphoric acid and are important in the absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates, nucleotides, and phospholipids and in the calcification of bone.

Front 4

trypsin

Back 4

a proteolytic enzyme of the pancreatic juice, capable of converting proteins into peptone

Front 5

chymotrypsin

Back 5

a proteolytic enzyme, found in pancreatic juice, that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins into polypeptides and amino acids.

Front 6

lipase

Back 6

any of a class of enzymes that break down fats, produced by the liver, pancreas, and other digestive organs or by certain plants.

Front 7

amylase

Back 7

any of a widely distributed class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of starch, glycogen, and related polysaccharides to oligosaccharides, maltose, or glucose.

Front 8

zymogens

Back 8

any of a group of proteins that are converted to active enzymes by partial breakdown, as by the action of an acid or other enzyme.

Front 9

trypsinogen

Back 9

a precursor of trypsin that is secreted by the pancreas and is activated to trypsin in the small intestine.

Front 10

chymotrypsin

Back 10

a proteolytic enzyme, found in pancreatic juice, that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins into polypeptides and amino acids.

Front 11

peripheral nervous system

Back 11

the portion of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord.

Front 12

somatic

Back 12

pertaining to the body wall of an animal.

Front 13

autonomic

Back 13

under the control of the autonomic nervous system.

Front 14

parasympathetic

Back 14

pertaining to that part of the autonomic nervous system consisting of nerves and ganglia that arise from the cranial and sacral regions and function in opposition to the sympathetic system, as in inhibiting heartbeat or contracting the pupil of the eye.

Front 15

dendrites

Back 15

A branched protoplasmic extension of a nerve cell that conducts impulses from adjacent cells inward toward the cell body. A single nerve may possess many dendrites

Front 16

axon

Back 16

Cell Biology. the appendage of the neuron that transmits impulses away from the cell body.

Front 17

synapse

Back 17

a region where nerve impulses are transmitted and received, encompassing the axon terminal of a neuron that releases neurotransmitters in response to an impulse, an extremely small gap across which the neurotransmitters travel, and the adjacent membrane of an axon, dendrite, or muscle or gland cell with the appropriate receptor molecules for picking up the neurotransmitters.

Front 18

myelin sheath

Back 18

a wrapping of myelin around certain nerve axons, serving as an electrical insulator that speeds nerve impulses to muscles and other effectors.

Front 19

polarized

Back 19

to divide into sharply opposing factions, political groups

Front 20

resting potential

Back 20

the potential difference between the two sides of the membrane of a nerve cell when the cell is not conducting an impulse

Front 21

blastula

Back 21

the early developmental stage of an animal, following the morula stage and consisting of a single, spherical layer of cells enclosing a hollow, central cavity.

Front 22

gastrula

Back 22

a metazoan embryo in an early state of germ layer formation following the blastula stage, consisting of a cuplike body of two layers of cells, the ectoderm and endoderm, enclosing a central cavity, or archenteron, that opens to the outside by the blastopore: in most animals progressing to the formation of a third cell layer, the mesoderm.

Front 23

ectoderm

Back 23

the outer germ layer in the embryo of a metazoan.

Front 24

mesoderm

Back 24

the middle germ layer of a metazoan embryo.

Front 25

archenteron

Back 25

the primitive enteron or digestive cavity of a gastrula.

Front 26

blastopore

Back 26

the opening of an archenteron.

Front 27

agonistic

Back 27

combative; striving to overcome in argument.

Front 28

altruistic

Back 28

of or pertaining to behavior by an animal that may be to its disadvantage but that benefits others of its kind, often its close relatives.

Front 29

auditory

Back 29

pertaining to hearing, to the sense of hearing, or to the organs of hearing.

Front 30

survivorship

Back 30

the state of being a survivor

Front 31

exponential growth

Back 31

development at an increasingly rapid rate in proportion to the growing total number or size; a constant rate of growth applied to a continuously growing base over a period of time

Front 32

interspecific

Back 32

existing or occurring between species.

Front 33

partitioning

Back 33

The act or process of dividing something into parts.

Front 34

keystone species

Back 34

A species whose presence and role within an ecosystem has a disproportionate effect on other organisms within the system. A keystone species is often a dominant predator whose removal allows a prey population to explode and often decreases overall diversity. Other kinds of keystone species are those, such as coral or beavers, that significantly alter the habitat around them and thus affect large numbers of other organisms

Front 35

predation

Back 35

predatory behavior.

Front 36

parasitoid

Back 36

an organism that practices parasitoidism.

Front 37

herbivore

Back 37

An animal that feeds chiefly on plants.

Front 38

commensalism

Back 38

a commensal organism.

Front 39

cryptic coloration

Back 39

coloring that conceals or disguises an animal's shape

Front 40

warning coloration

Back 40

a bold, distinctive pattern of color characteristic of a poisonous or unpalatable organism, as the skunk or the monarch butterfly, that functions as a warning to and defense against predators.

Front 41

mimicry

Back 41

the close external resemblance of an organism, the mimic, to some different organism, the model, such that the mimic benefits from the mistaken identity, as seeming to be unpalatable or harmful.

Front 42

convergent evolution

Back 42

the appearance of apparently similar structures in organisms of different lines of descent.

Front 43

primary succession

Back 43

the development of plant and animal life in an area without topsoil; the development of biotic communities in a previously uninhabited and barren habitat with little or no soil

Front 44

climax community

Back 44

The point of greatest intensity or force in an ascending series or progression; a culmination

Front 45

savanna

Back 45

a plain characterized by coarse grasses and scattered tree growth, esp. on the margins of the tropics where the rainfall is seasonal, as in eastern Africa.

Front 46

taiga

Back 46

the coniferous evergreen forests of subarctic lands, covering vast areas of northern North America and Eurasia.

Front 47

tertiary consumers

Back 47

of the third order, rank, stage, formation, etc.; third.

Front 48

eutrophication

Back 48

characterized by an abundant accumulation of nutrients that support a dense growth of algae and other organisms, the decay of which depletes the shallow waters of oxygen in summer.

Front 49

biodiversity

Back 49

diversity among and within plant and animal species in an environment.

Front 50

biomagnification

Back 50

the increasing concentration of toxic substances within each successive link in the food chain.