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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Puberty
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period in which reproduction becomes possible
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menarche
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occurrence of initial/first menses
1st several cycles are usually anovulatory puberty with cyclic FSH/LH and ovulation frequently not attained until >1 year post menarche |
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adrenarche
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increased adrenal androgen production associated with approach of puberty
responsible for pubic and axillary hair growth |
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female pattern of distribution of axillary and pubic hair due to
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estrogen
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first sign of approaching puberty in girls
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breast changes
begin around 10-11 usually precede appearance of pubic hair |
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menstrual cycles commonly begin around
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12-14
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first sign of approaching puberty in males
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enlargement of testis around 10-11
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FSH and LH gradually increase in male between
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8-10 years of age
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testosterone levels increase steadily from
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11-13
greatest increase from 13-16 |
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pubic hair growth in males begins
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about age 12
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body growth spurt in males
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begins before 13
may last >3 years penile growth secondary sex characteristics: facial hair, deeper voice, male phenotype |
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onset of spermatogenesis
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around age 13
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FSH and LH effects in adolescent females
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ovarian maturation
steroid production |
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estrogen effects in adolescent females
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growth of reproductive tract and breasts
bone growth and phenotype distribution of pubic and axillary hair influence expression of personality and sexuality |
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androgen effects in adolescent females
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growth of pubic and axillary hair
primary libido hormone can have modifying effects on growth and phenotype influence expression of personality and sexuality |
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minimum weight of onset of growth spurt, menarche, and minimum fat for menarche
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GS = 30kg
menarche minimum weight = 47 kg menarche minimum fat = 11 kg |
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what can increase GnRH and accelerate puberty
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IGF-1 and leptin
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from ages 4-11 both sexes show
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minimal gonadotropin release
suppression of pulsatile secretion of GnRH |
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amygdala effects on GnRH-producing cells
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suppresses them via stria terminalis
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activation of adult-type pulsatile GnRH release requires stimulation of GnRH neurons by
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both hormones and NTs
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increasing gonadal and adrenal sex steroids does what
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raises sensitivity of the pituitiary cells producing FSH and LH
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increased FSH, LH, and gonadal steroids do what
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stimulate and guide gametogenesis
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Pubertal Hypothalalmus
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minimal GABA inhibition
increased GLU-type neurotransmission increased local PGE2 increased IGF-1 and leptin |
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prememopause time is called
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climacteric
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menopause
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cessation of menstrual cycle
usually occurs between 45-50 due to aging of the ovaries hypothalamic-pit system is normal usually preceded by a number of shorter cycles with longer intervals between menses |
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reproductive system conditions of menopause include
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no ovarian follicles or ovulation
no menses elevated FSH and LH low E and P |
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other conditions associated with menopause
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osteoporosis
emotional problems skin wrinkling and thinning decreased anabolism and calories burned atrophy of external genitalia thermoregulatory problems |
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hot flushes due to
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direct action of increased GnRH on thermoreg neurons
not due to estrogen |
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Pros of estrogen replacement
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prevents commone degenerative changes in menopause
lower incidence of hip fractures and colon cancer |
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Cons of estrogen replacement
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increased risk of breast and endometrial cancer
increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and thromboembolism SEs include uterine/vaginal bleeding, bloating, and breast tenderness |
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men over 70 exhibit
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decreased plasma testosterone and sperm count
increased TeBG, aromatiztion (estrogen formation), and FSH & LH |
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major hormones used for replacement therapy in men
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testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone
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effects of replacement therapy in men
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maintain skeletal muscle
increase energy and libido |
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SEs of testosterone in replacement therapy
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increased risk for prostate tumor
decreased sperm count increased aggression |
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DHEA and aging
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decreases in both sexes in the 50s
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DHEA effects
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increase lean body mass, joint flexibility, insulin and IGF-1, and facial hair & acne (women)
antilipogenic |
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DHEA pros
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inexpensive
less bioaggressive and few side effects than T or anabolics |
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cons of DHEA
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very few controlled studies
no info on long-term effects no quality control in manufacture |
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Cortisol receptors and age
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less negative feedback --> increased cortisol levels
downreg of receptors and neuronal death due to increased cortisol levels memory loss slower recovery from stressors tumors grow faster in old age |
