Unit 6: Cell Membranes And Solutions

Front 1

the mechanism by which ions and molecules move against the concentration gradient acros a membrane, from the side of low concentration to high concentration

Back 1

Active Transport

Front 2

A molecule of the form R-OH in which R is a chain of one or more carbon atoms, each of which is linked to hydrogen atoms

Back 2

Alcohol

Front 3

contains a region that is hydrophobic and a region that is hydrophilic

Back 3

Amphipathic

Front 4

An increase in the magnitude of each step as a signal transduction pathway proceeds

Back 4

Amplfication

Front 5

a secondary active transport mechanism in which a molecule moves through a membrane channel into a cell and powers the active transport of a second molecule out of a cell, also called exchange diffusion

Back 5

Antiport

Front 6

the exchange of gases with the repiratory medium by animals

Back 6

Breathing

Front 7

Mechanism by which extracellular water is taken into a cell together with any molecules that happen to be in a solution in the water

Back 7

Bulk-Phase endocytosis

Front 8

Pump that pushes Ca2+ from the cyoplasm to the cell exterior and from the cytosol into the vesicles of the endoplasmic reticulum

Back 8

Ca2+ pump (calcuim pump)

Front 9

Transport protein that binds a specific single solute and transports it across the lipid bilayer

Back 9

Carrier Protein

Front 10

transport protein that forms a hydrophilic channel in a cell membrane through which water, ions, or other molecules can pass, depending on the protein

Back 10

Channel Protein

Front 11

the predominant sterol of animal cell membranes

Back 11

Cholesterol

Front 12

the network of proteins that coat and reinforce the cytoplasmic surface of cell membranes

Back 12

Clathrin

Front 13

a depression in the plasma membrane that contains receptors for macromolecules to be taken up by endocytosis

Back 13

Coated pit

Front 14

binds to two molecules and transports them through the membrane together

Back 14

Cotransport

Front 15

the net movement of ions or molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

Back 15

Diffusion

Front 16

a difference in chemical concentration and electrical potential across a membrane

Back 16

Electrochemical gradient

Front 17

a secondary active transport mechanism in which a molecule moves through a membrane channel into a cell and powers the active transport of a second molecule out of a cell, also called exchange diffusion

Back 17

Exchange Diffusion

Front 18

mechanism by which polar and charged molecules diffuse across membranes with the help of transport proteins

Back 18

Faclitaded Diffusion

Front 19

Neutral lipid that is semisolid at biological temperatures

Back 19

Fat

Front 20

model proposing that the membrane consists of a fluid phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded and float freely

Back 20

Fluid mosaic model

Front 21

technique in which expiramenters freeze a block of cells rapidly and then fracture the block to split the lipid bilayer and expose the hydrophobic membrane interior

Back 21

Freeze-fracture technique

Front 22

Ion transport in a membrane that switches between open, closed or intermediate states

Back 22

Gated Channel

Front 23

Molecule consisting of carbon linked only to hydrogen atoms

Back 23

Hydrocarbon

Front 24

a solution of higher concentration compared to another

Back 24

Hypertonic

Front 25

a solution with a lower concentration in relation to another

Back 25

Hypotonic

Front 26

Protein that is embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

Back 26

Intergral membrane protein

Front 27

bond that results from electrical attraction between atoms that have lost or gained electrons

Back 27

Ionic Bond

Front 28

Equal concentration of water inside and out of he cell

Back 28

Isotonic

Front 29

an electrical voltage that measures the potential inside a cell membrane relative to the fluid just outside; it is negative under resting conditions and becomes posotive during an action potential

Back 29

Membrane potential

Front 30

a sphere composed of a single layer of lipid molecules

Back 30

Micelle

Front 31

pump that pushes 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2K+ into the cell in the same pumping cycle

Back 31

Na+/K+ pump

Front 32

Neutral lipid that is liquid at biological temperatures

Back 32

Oil

Front 33

movement of water across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Back 33

Osmosis

Front 34

the transport of substance across a membrane without expendature of energy, as I diffusion

Back 34

Passive transport

Front 35

protein held to membrane surfaces by noncovelant bonds formed with the polar parts of integral membrane proteins or membrane lipids

Back 35

Peripheral membrane protein

Front 36

process in which some types of cells engulf bacteria or other cellular debris to break them down

Back 36

Phagocytosis

Front 37

a phosphate containing lipid

Back 37

Phospholipid

Front 38

a sterol that occurs in plant cell membranes

Back 38

Phytosterol

Front 39

extracellular wter is taken into the cell

Back 39

Pinocytosis

Front 40

the outer limit of the cytoplasm responsible for the regulation of substances moving into and out of cells

Back 40

Plasma membrane

Front 41

transport in which the same protein that transports a substance also hydrolyzes ATP to power transport directly

Back 41

Primary active transport

Front 42

the sequence of amino acids in a protein

Back 42

Primary structure

Front 43

enzyme that traansfers a phosphate group from ATP to one or more sitees on particular proteins

Back 43

Protein Kinase

Front 44

Enzyme that removes phosphate groups from target proteins

Back 44

Protein Phosephatase

Front 45

the selective uptake of macromolecules that bind to cell surface receptors concentrated in clathrin-coated pits

Back 45

receptor-mediator endocytosis

Front 46

an animal that has a complex, four chambered stomach

Back 46

Ruminant

Front 47

fatty acid that has only single bonds linking carbon atoms

Back 47

Saturated fatty acid

Front 48

transport indirectly driven by ATP hydrolysis

Back 48

Secondary active transport

Front 49

regions of alpha helix, beta strand, or random coil in a polypetide chain

Back 49

Secondary structure

Front 50

mechanism by which certain small substance diffuse through the lipid part of a biological membrane

Back 50

Simple diffusion

Front 51

the molecules of a substance dissolved in water

Back 51

Solute

Front 52

the water in a solution in which the hydration layer prevents polar molecules or ions from reassociating

Back 52

Solvent

Front 53

steroid with a singular polar-OH group linked to one end of the ring framework of a complex, nonpolar hyrdocarbon chain at the other end

Back 53

Sterol

Front 54

transports 2 molecules in the same direction across a membrane

Back 54

Symport

Front 55

fatty acid with one or more double bonds

Back 55

Unsaturated

Front 56

any of various short, motile, s-shaped or comma shaped bacteria of the genous vibrio

Back 56

Vibrio